Essay about Organizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts

Organizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Organizational behavior is the behavior of individuals, either one or a group. It is not the behavior of an organization, but rather the behavior of the people in an organization. This can be anywhere from a family at home to a church to a work group within a company. Some of the challenges that make behaviors challenging in today’s workplace are high performance, ethical behavior, productivity improvement, technology utilization, quality, diversity, work-life balance, and the global economy, (Schermerhorn, 2003, P. 1). Starting with Garrett through the many merges and acquisitions to Honeywell, we have gone from the good ol boy behavior to a global corporation that for the most part†¦show more content†¦Today’s workforce is forever changing and more importance is put on the managing of a diverse work group. Thinking of it as each person in a spur on a gear and each person is different by the above definition. The gears most align and blend to make the organization move forward, (Schermerhorn, 2003, P. 1). Within my department we are not as diverse as other areas but we do have individuals of different age, sex and race. We were a male oriented department until recently and we have had to make adjustments to our behaviors with the addition of a female employee. She was very quickly accepted into our department very quickly. Even though we have people of different races and backgrounds we have never had an ethnicity issue. What may be a problem with our building is the age average age of employees. When I started with Honeywell in 1990 our average age was 32, now it is 49 years old. What has caused this is the many slow downs in the aerospace industry and each time there is a reduction it is the less senior people leaving. We are developing an age problem of older people ready to retire and losing the skills they take with them. Communication is the transfer of information in either a written or verbal form or by pictures. Managers spend a lot of time receiving different kinds of communication and analyzing the information and then passing forward the necessary information to others. This can be done either informally or in a formal setting.Show MoreRelatedOrganizational Behavior Terminology and Concept779 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizational Behavior Terminology and Concept When small business owners start the concept of what type of business one would like to own, an array of critical thinking starts and a business owner has to consider questions that will make or break his or her success. Owners, who pay attention to the current rise and fall of stock for his or her chosen business, will have the upper hand against competitors. An owner who knows his or her competitors is a small part in the grand scheme of owning anRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts751 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizational Behavior Organizations have been described as groups of people who work interdependently toward some purpose. This definition clearly indicates that organizations are not buildings or pieces of machinery. Organizations are, indeed, people who interact to accomplish shared objectives. The study of organizational behavior (OB) and its affiliated subjects helps us understand what people think, feel and do in organizational settings. For managers and, realistically, all employees, thisRead More Organizational Behavior Terminology And Concepts Essay975 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding organizational behavior is important for everyone involved in an organization, not just the leadership and management teams. By gaining and understanding this knowledge each employee should be able to realize how their individual actions contribute to the big picture of the company. In order to understand this there are some key concepts and terminology that must be explained to make the learning process more manageable. Organizational Behavior What is organizational behavior? AccordingRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Paper850 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Paper The following essay will be described the organizational behavior terminology and concepts applied in the organization. The following topics will be presented: Organization culture as internal and external environment of control. Diversity as of individual differences based on gender, race and ethnicity, age, disabilities, and sexual orientation. As the last subject communication as the human skill that helps the organization to work well withRead MoreEssay on Organizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts1024 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The behavior of employees within any organization is paramount to the success or failure of that organization. The study of organizational behavior is a science with its own vocabulary and terminology. This essay will describe some of the more common key concepts and terminology and relate those to the modern United States Navy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"An organization is, simply, a body of people organized for some specific purpose† (communication, 2005)Read MoreOrganizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Essay834 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts I am not sure who made the term dress for success popular but I believe the term falls short. Anyone can dress up and look great but there is much more to success then dressing the part. While it is important for organizations to have their employees presenting themselves with a professional look and manner, there are also many other concepts within an organization that need to be addressed. Organizational Behavior, as defined in ourRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Terminology And Concepts Essay1033 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts There are many important factors that are involved and contribute to organizations survival and success. Organizational behavior, culture, diversity, communication, business ethics and change management are some of the key concepts which are essential as I list and explain below with some examples from past experiences. Organizational Behavior Studying the psychological and sociological behaviors of single and groups of individuals in organizationsRead More Organizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Essay1022 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Businesses today often promote change to create a better more productive work environment. These changes occasionally produce unwanted results which were not expected or planned for. By monitoring organizational behavior unwanted or negative results can be minimized so change can be effective within an organization. Organizational behavior, organizational culture, diversity, communication, business ethics, and change management are all factorsRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Essay4868 Words   |  20 PagesOrganizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Organizational behavior In today’s challenges at work and an organization has become more than just a place where eight hours of a day is spent, but a place where behavior is a major contribution to the success behavior and what it means and the effects on the climate of an organization. of a company. In this paper we will discuss organizational â€Å"Organizational behavior is the study of human behavior in organizations. It is an academic disciplineRead More Organizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Essay729 Words   |  3 Pages Organizational Behavior Organizations have been described as groups of people who work interdependently toward some purpose. This definition clearly indicates that organizations are not buildings or pieces of machinery. Organizations are, indeed, people who interact to accomplish shared objectives. The study of organizational behavior (OB) and its affiliated subjects helps us understand what people think, feel and do in organizational settings. For managers and, realistically, all employees, this

The Awakening, By Kate Chopin - 887 Words

Feminism has been a term used by many authors and writers for centuries, symbolizing women being able to use freedom the way they want to, not the way others want them to use it. Edna Pontellier, the main character in Kate Chopin’s novel The Awakening, experiences an â€Å"awakening† in her life, where she discovers her position in the universe and goes in this direction instead of what others like her husband Leonce tell her to take, similar to the style of feminism. â€Å"In short, Mrs. Pontellier was beginning to realize her position in the universe as a human being, and to recognize her relations as an individual to the world within and about her,† (pg. 14). Chopin’s novel, published in 1899, received criticism and controversy because of its fashion of how it pictured feminism, especially with Edna taking her own life after learning she has no purpose in the world and wishes to cease existing. The Awakening uses symbols to express feminism in Edna†™s eyes, such as birds, which represent Edna feeling caged in rather than being free, and the ocean, which depicts escape from reality, where Edna drowns herself. In the days of the late 1800s and the early 1900s, women started to acquire a taste for feminism. Just because the men said women were not able to be involved in business did not mean women could not do the same things the men could do, they wanted a chance to be equal to men. Leonce Pontellier says to his wife Edna that she cannot do the same things as him due to her being aShow MoreRelatedThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1479 Words   |  6 PagesKate Chopin’s controversial novel, The Awakening, ignited turmoil because of her blatant disregard of the established 19th century perspective of women upholding strictly maternal and matrimonial responsibilities. Edna’s candid exploration of the restrictions on women through her liberal behavior in a conservative Victorian society makes her a literary symbol for feminist ideals. Despite denunciation from other people, Edna chooses individuality over conformity through her veering from traditionalRead MoreThe Awakening by Kate C hopin1102 Words   |  5 Pagesveracity of this quote as both find their independence by boldly exceeding the norm. Their stories were fashioned during a period of great change and both characters are hallmarks of the hope and power women were unearthing at the time. The Awakening by Kate Chopin and Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy are novels concerned with the transformation of women’s roles in society. Their protagonists, Tess and Edna, are not outright feminists, but they are acutely aware of the limitations imposed uponRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1919 Words   |  8 PagesIn the novel, The Awakening, by Kate Chopin, we see how much of an importance the men in Edna’s life serve as a purpose to her awakening. Chopin is known to write stories about women who are unsatisfied with their lives while living in a life that is dominated by men. Other than Edna, the main men characters are typical men of the late 19th century era. Chopin shows how these three men are diverse from one another. The Creole men are Là ©once Pontellier, Edna’s husband, Robert, Edna’s mystery man numberRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin901 Words   |  4 Pagescandidly. Kate Chopin is honorably amongst this group of authors. Her works divinely portrayed the culture of New Orleans and the lives of Louisiana s Creole and Cajun residents. Chopin openly express her views on sex, marriage, and the injustices of women during the time. Kate Chopin’s novel, The Awakening, best exemplifies the contextual achievement of realism through the rejection of conformity, the exploration of love, and the weight of social opinion on individual choices. The Awakening is publishedRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1222 Words   |  5 Pages The Awakening By: Kate Chopin Emely Maldonado AP LIT Period 3 Topic 3 Maldonado 1 Displacement The late 1800s and the 1900s was a prison for woman’s individuality. During this time period, stereotypical views of women were commenced by society and men. In the era that the novel, The Awakening by Kate Chopin was published, the gender roles were graved in stone, men would work to maintain their family and women would adhere to the house-hold duties. Dissatisfaction with theRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1193 Words   |  5 PagesDavian Hart The Awakening By: Kate Chopin AP Literature Topic 3 Hart 1 Over the course of time the male species has always been the gender to attain the more favorable conditions. Numerous cultures heed to the belief that the man is the provider and head of his family. This machismo nature can condition the mind to believe that a man should feel superior to a woman. The continuous cycle of male superiority flows down from father to son subconsciously. Do to this unceasingRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1427 Words   |  6 Pagessuffering an imposition (Moderata). Throughout history, the inherent inferiority of women to men has often been cited as a way to deter women from becoming an individual and pursuing more in life. This notion is a prevalent issue in The Awakening by Kate Chopin; in which Edna fights to live her own way and is ultimately unable to survive in the cage of society. Not only has this supposed inferiority effected women for generations, but it has created inequality in our society today; especially inRead MoreThe Awakening By Ka te Chopin1633 Words   |  7 Pages1. Title of text (underline novels/plays) author’s name The Awakening by Kate Chopin 2. Characterization Character Development (a) 1.Edna Pontellier- Edna is the main character of the novel who is married to a businessman. Edna is a dynamic character because at the beginning of the novel, she conforms to society by being the â€Å"perfect† mother and wife; however, Edna suddenly realizes that she is no longer happy with the way she was living her life and began to become independent only for herRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin915 Words   |  4 PagesMany of Kate Chopin’s writings are trademarked by her unique, deliberate word choices. Chopin uses phrases that do not make sense and seem to contradict themselves to get across a point. In two of her stories, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and â€Å"The Awakening,† Chopin’s word usage highlights the idea of self-discovery. â€Å"The Awakening† and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† share similar themes. â€Å"The Awakening† is the story of a woman in the late 1800s discovering her apathy for her traditional female role as a wifeRead MoreThe Awakening, by Kate Chopin785 Words   |  4 Pages The Awakening is set in 1899, a time when the Industrial Revolution and the womens movement were just beginning , conversely, still overshadowed by the attitudes of society in the 19th century. Kate Chopins idea that a woman’s needs were important was somewhat radical, especially since women were not considered to be independent, and women’s rights were still being fought for. Ednas major conflict is her need for independence and personal fulfillment while still trying to conform to her traditional

Factors Influencing Customers

Question: Discss about the Factors Influencing Consumers to buying Qoo10 Online in Singapore. Answer: Factors influencing consumers to buying online in Singapore Qoo10 is a company which is formed by joint venture with eBay. It is the largest online market place. It provides online shopping facility. Online shopping behavior is a process in which products and services are offered with the help of internet (Qoo10, 2017). The factors which influence the customers of Singapore in shopping online are as follows: Price Outcome of comparison for infinite choice Price is one of the considerable factors of 4Ps of marketing mix. It is the net amount which needs to be paid by the customer for the benefits to be received from the goods and services (Shrestha, 2016). Price is one of the factors that need to be considered by the customers in case of online purchasing. Furthermore, price is the only factor that leads to generation of income to the company. Customers of Singapore usually prefer online purchasing because of ease in comparison of prices; it helps the consumer in selection of cheaper price. It has been observed that the Singapore customers usually purchases those products and services which are cost effective. However besides cost effectiveness, it is also observed that in Singapore women are more price sensitive as compare to men, while men focus on faster and convenient shopping. When prices are compared on online sites with competitors it affects the purchases of the particular goods and services (Bhasin, 2016). According to the giv en paper, a company must focus on creating customers value by making changes in prices. Singapore customers usually prefer low prices, but in case of low prices set by the company, it can made effect to its perceived value in the minds of the consumer. Low cost can lead to deterioration in quality for the business. Hence to make an effective price strategy the company must set its prices while considering the perceived image of the product or service in the minds of the consumer. It is perceived by the customer that online seller would have lesser cost in comparison to the retailers which are selling their products and services offline. This is due to involvement of warehousing facility, overhead cost, repair and maintenance charges, and rent of the building at offline marketing in traditional marketing. The involvement of these factors in traditional marketing makes the product and services costly. However there are many other charges too which makes changes in the prices of the pr oduct. This is the reason of the consumer opting for online shopping. The customer gets price advantage; besides this he can also compare the prices of the similar product or services at one place only (Charlon, 2015). According to survey conducted by Ernst and Young in 2000, it is the advantage of competitive pricing in case of online buying which influences the customer to shop online. The customer wish to purchase his/her desired product or services at cheaper price but at the same time it is also expected by the customer that the product or service must perceive the desired quality (Hinz, 2016). Convenience Due to evolvement of internet technology, vast changes have been done in online shopping. Internet technology has made possible for the customer to get the full information regarding the desired product or services at one place only, as he do not have to roam around, to find out the best price and quality. This has leaded an advantage to the customers in terms of convenience. It is analyzed that customer is influenced for online shopping because of ease of getting the desired information is a very less time (Freygang, 2016). This saves a lot of time of customers. This is the reason why traditional buying has been reduced in a drastic quantity. It is also analyzed that in case of online buying, price and convenience factor attached to product and services influences the most consumer behavior. In case of online buying, to create convenience for the customer, it is necessary to provide all the required information in the customer local language. If the information would be provided in other language than of customers it would be of no use for customers (Sevim, Hall, 2014). It is observed by the consumer behavior that the customer would find ease to buy online if he/she would get the desired product or services at desired prices, in a less time and with too availability of important information. The customer is highly influenced for shopping online due to convenience factor involved. This is highly suitable for the consumers, who do not have time to search around the various alternatives of his/her desired product or services. It is also analyzed that in comparison to shopping done by men and women, as women wants the desired product or services at lesser price, men wants their desired product or services at faster and convenient mode. Customer influences for buying online because of simplicity and convenience factors involved in it (Nielson, 2016). Furthermore, in online buying customers can buy the desired product or services at any time. Virtual market allows the customers to shop online from their home or office. Besides this, it also provides convenience as they do not need to unnecessary bargain for setting the price of the product at desired level. Online buying is convenient for both customers and business man. This is because customers can indulge into buying its desired products and services by sitting at a couch (Boswell, 2016). Trust In case of online buying, trust means the willingness of customers for the other party that the other party would perform the actions and services in the desired manner as customer wants. Trust and security are considered as most considerable factors in buying online. There is a positive relationship between trust in the online site and intention to purchase. This can be understand as, if the customers of Singapore would have trust in their online site like Qoo10, they would be more likely to purchase the goods and services offered by them (Ipood, 2013). Here trust indicates the level of involvement of perceived risk in the online buying. Hence the online website must find out the measures and try to change them so to increase the level of trust of the consumer and increase sales (Live mint, 2017). Though the customer get the desired price and availability of vast information regarding its uses, special features, comparison with other products, but it does not lays any trust factor i n the minds of the consumer. If the information is provided at local site it would be considered as less important as in comparison to information provided at authorized site like Qoo10. Besides this, the rating and reviews are not to be considered as good source of information. The online buying not influences the customer, because the customer has a fear of trust and security. Customer trust can be increased for the site by providing superior quality at justified price. It has been observed that if the people have trust in the online website, then only they would like to purchase the product. Hence trust in the online sites can be said as barrier in shopping online. In case of customers of Singapore, they would like to purchase from the recognized online site such as Qoo10, as it is a joint venture done by E-bay, which is also a reputed company (Shopping trends). Trust can be considered as risk taking behavior of the customer in the functioning of online website. The more the risk , lesser would be intentions to purchase of the products and services from that site. Trust of the consumers in case of the website can be increased by reputation, size, quality offering, reviews and perceived quality of the products and services in the minds of customer (Lim, Osman, Salahuddin, Romle, Abdullah, 2016). Consumer reviews or experiences affecting buying decision In todays era, mouth publicity has been replaced by reviews which are provided on online websites. While doing online shopping, the consumers usually expects similar prices as of other online shops. Besides form trust in the respective site, the website must have more positive reviews with it. In this, whenever consumer wants to purchase the desired product or services, he/she firstly check out the reviews and recommendations (if provided) on the website (Oritsematosan Ediwn, 2014). If there are some positive reviews then only customer would feel motivated to purchase the goods or services from the respective site. Consumers do not compare the prices between retail outlets and online shops. However consumers usually expect the prices at online shops as lower in comparison of traditional shops. This is so, because of lack of overhead cost to be incurred in case of retail outlets. It has been estimated that, in today era in Singapore, 90% of the consumers analyses the feedback and rev iew of the product and services before purchasing it. Customer gives preference to online recommendations and reviews because they perceive this as the personal recommendation from other customers which have already used the product or services (Nazir, Tayyab, Sajid, Rashid Javed, 2012). Besides this, approximately 31% of the consumers rely on the company which has excellent reviews about its product and services. According to the consumers who prefer online shopping, positive reviews work like a promotion for the company. This means that if a company has positive reviews then there are more chances of the customers to buy its product and services. Approximately 72% of the consumers make decision for purchases just after analyzing the positive reviews about the company. Consumers do not like to take the risk of purchasing the product or services of the company, which has negative reviews. It has been observed that increase in one star of a company can lead to increase in revenue by 5 to 9%, whereas a negative review regarding the company product can lead to loss of 30% of the customers. The reviews and ratings provided by the customer are not being considered as a good source of provider of information. This is because, of biasness involved in the customer ratings and reviews. There are positive relationship between the reviews and experiences of the customer and intention to purchase the product. The more positive reviews would be held by the company, more customers would be contained by the website. Rating done by the consumer regarding the online website will increase the brand image in the minds of consumer and would more influence the buying decision. Ratings can be done in two ways i.e. positive and negative. Is there is a positive rating the website should promote this on social sites, but if the customer has provided negative referencing, it should be taken as a opportunity for the consumers and the management of the respective website should make som e changes to reduce further negative reviews from the customers (Rudolph, 2015). Measurement of online shopping consumer reviews and feedback Measuring the reviews and feedback of the customer in case of online shopping is a qualitative concept. It is a very complex process as it totally depends upon the customer. It might possible that the customer is highly satisfied by the company product, but does not provide rating or provide a negative rating. While in case, when the customer is not satisfied by the company product and services, but still he provides a five star rating. Hence it can be said that providing feedback and ratings for the company offering are biased from the customer. This makes the measurement of reviews and feedback complex for the company. Besides this one of the major point need to be considered while measuring the feedback and reviews is that, majorly rating providing sites are not organized and sometimes they are not true also. Apart from this, there are a large number of reviews, and sometimes are very informative in nature. Hence it is said while measuring the reviews and feedback, the reviewer mi ght face a difficulty in reviewing all the reviews and feedback. There are no specific measures to quantify the online shopping reviews and feedback (Sam Sharma, 2015). There are not any key tools or method from which the reviews and feedback given by the customer can be measured. However it can be measured by applying some electronic meters such as scanners that would measure the purchases made by the customer. Besides this, by measuring the activities and engagement of each and every consumer from the TV, Smartphone, or any other gadget the reviews and feedback can be measured. Consumer buying decision Consumer buying decision is a complex process. This is due to invention of internet technology and availability of huge information. This involves stages starting from problem recognition to after purchase activities. Consumer makes purchasing decision on the basis of personal, situational, social and psychological factors. The consumer buying depends upon a lot of factors besides above stated factors such as: reviews of the product, comparing the product or the services with other companies. Besides this consumer do a lot of analyses over the product and services of the company by its online rating, recommendations. Hence the customer feels difficulty in analyzing the texture, unable to touch the product. It makes the consumer decision making very complex. Furthermore, in case of online shopping, the consumer has a lot of choices. Consumer makes purchasing decision on the basis of analysis over the quality of website design of the company, perceived trust, perceived convenience, and advertising and promotion strategies adopted by the company. In case of tradition shopping the buying decision starts from need or problem recognitions and ends with after purchase services. But in case of online shopping the consumer, he motivates from internal and external simulations (Babar, Rasheed Sajjad, 2014). Here website design plays a considerable role in influencing the customer to purchase the product or service. Perceived trust is when a customer expects that the companys product and services will fulfill the needs of the customer. It is the confidence of the customer in company offerings. In context to convenience, the consumer will prefer the site which is available 24/7.Besides this, some of the products in online marketing can be delivered very easily like books or software, while some of the product cannot be delivered so easily like electrical equipments. In case of online shopping, when the consumer comes across banner ads or online promotion, it attracts the consumer attention towards the company product or services. In online shopping the consumer come across a lot of choices, hence to differentiate the particular product or service from the other companys similar product or services, advertising, and sales promotion programs plays a considerable role (Bauboniene Guleviciut e, 2015). Conclusion By analyzing the given assignment it can be said that one of the factors of influencing the customer for adopting for online shopping is the availability of product and services at all the time. However besides prices, convenience and trust there are many other factors also which influences like cultural factors, gender sector of employment, demographic and psychographic factors and many more. References Babar, A,. Rasheed, A Sajjad, M. (2014) Factors influencing online shopping behavior of consumers, Journal of basic and applied scientific research 4(4) pp (314-320) Bauboniene, Z Guleviciute, G,. (2015) E-commerce factors influencing consumers online shopping decision, Socialines technologies social technologies, 5(1) pp (74-81) Bhasin, H,. (2016) Why customer reviews and recommendations are most important nowadays? Retrieved on 2nd March, 2017 from https://www.marketing91.com/customer-reviews-and-recommendations/ Boswell, W,. (2016) Shopping online: what are the pros and cons?. Retrieved on 2nd March 2017 from https://www.lifewire.com/shopping-online-pros-and-cons-3482632 Charlon, G,. (2015) Ecommerce consumer reviews: why you need them and how to use them. Retrieved on 2nd March, 2017 from https://econsultancy.com/blog/9366-ecommerce-consumer-reviews-why-you-need-them-and-how-to-use-them/ Davis, R,. (2017) [New research] Measuring consumer trust in eCommerce: Consumers value customer reviews over secure browsing. Retrieved on 2nd March, 2017 from https://lab.getapp.com/consumer-trust-in-ecommerce-lies-in-customer-reviews/ Freygang, E,. (2016) Why shop online: from price to convenience, and back again. Retrieved on 2nd March 2017 from https://www.lsretail.com/blog/shop-online-price-convenience-back/ Hinz, J,. (2016) How trust can help convert online shoppers to buyers. Retrieved on 2nd March, 2017 from https://marketingland.com/trust-can-help-convert-online-holiday-shopping-sales-154349 Ipood,. (2013) Topyaps, Top 15 reasons to trust online shopping sites. Retrieved on 2nd March, 2017 from https://topyaps.com/top-10-reasons-to-trust-online-shopping-sites Lim, Y, J,. Osman, A,. Salahuddin, S, N,. Romle, A, R Abdullah, S. (2016) Procedia economics and Finance, 7th International economics business management conference (IEBMC) 35(0) pp. (401-410) Live mint,. (2017) Convenience overtaking discounts in online shopping: BCG report. Retreived on 2nd March 2017 from https://www.livemint.com/Industry/rh4znikPRnrNHZs7baQyiP/Convenience-overtaking-discounts-in-online-shopping-BCG-rep.html Nazir, S,. Tayyab, A,. Sajid, A,. Rashid, H Javed, I. (2012) How online shopping is affecting consumers buying behavior in Pakistan?, IJCSI International Journal of computer science issues 9(1) pp. (486-495) Nielson,. (2016) Convenience stores and online shopping become major consumption options. Retrieved on 2nd March, 2017 from https://www.nielsen.com/cn/en/insights/news/2016/Nielsen-convenience-stores-and-online-shopping-become-major-consumption-ways.html Oritsematosan, D F Ediwn A M,. (2014) A review of the effect of pricing strategies on the purchase of consumer goods, International journal of research in management, science technology 2(2) Qoo10,. (2017) About Qoo10 Giosis. Retrieved on 28th February 2017 from https://www.qoo10.sg/gmkt.inc/Company/AboutCompany.aspx Rudolph, S,. (2015) Business 2 community. The impact of online reviews in customers buying decisions (Infrographic). Retrieved on 28th February, 2017 from https://www.business2community.com/infographics/impact-online-reviews-customers-buying-decisions-infographic-01280945#btju4liCSGUKGClm.97 Sam, C, Y Sharma, C,. (2015) An exploration into the factors driving consumers in Singapore towards or away from the adaptation of online shopping, Global business and management research: An international Journal 7(1) pp (60-73) Sevim, N Hall, E, E,. (2014) consumer trust impact on online shopping intent. Retrieved on 2nd March, 2017 from https://www.journalagent.com/iuyd/pdfs/IUYD-41636-RESEARCH_ARTICLE-EROGLU_HALL.pdf Shopping trends,. (n.d.) Retrieved on 2nd March, 2017 from https://recursostic.educacion.es/secundaria/edad/3esoingles/3quincena9/impresos/shopping_trends.pdf Shrestha, K,. (2016) Vendasta, [infographic] 50 stats you need to know about online reviews. Retrieved on 2nd March, 2017 from https://www.vendasta.com/blog/50-stats-you-need-to-know-about-online-reviews

Washington Square Essay Example For Students

Washington Square Essay I’m depressed. Well, how could I not be? I just finished reading Washington Square. I’m happy it’s over, but I’m not happy I finished it. No, that doesn’t make sense does it? Lets just say, I had a feeling how it was going to end up; I just hoped that I would be wrong. Unfortunately the one time I didn’t want to be right I was. Isn’t that the way it always works? I guess so. Catherine, dear plain old, Catherine. Poor girl, father thinks she’s plain, she thinks she’s plain, her aunt thinks she’s plain, even the man who she thinks loves her thinks she’s plain. Although James erases this thought in the beginning of the book I still believe it, â€Å"plain† equals â€Å"ugly†. I feel so bad for her but I guess you had to have what happened to her happen, or else we wouldn’t have such a depressing story. I tell you though, I’m glad my daddy isn’t rich or I would swear off guys a s well. I felt so horrible when I knew before her what Morris was like. We will write a custom essay on Washington Square specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Which brings me to Morris Townsend. He’s a rat, I smelt a rat from the beginning but I figured it was just because for me guys for the most part are always rats. But of course he was after her money, she was â€Å"plain† and her father was â€Å"rich† no her father wasn’t â€Å"rich†. By god he was rich. So Catherine’s got a big dowry, lots of money, but she’s â€Å"plain†. Oh, well the money will compensate. This shows you the kind of man he is. Well at least it erases the theory that women are gold diggers. James makes the reader dislike Catherine’s father. He makes him seem like an insensitive uncaring prick, but I really don’t think he is. Yes I know parents are supposed to think that their child is the most beautiful thing in the world but hey, that theory’s over rated. It’s not that he didn’t love his daughter; he just knew the truth. He was realistic about the entire idea of this strikingly handsome man falling head over heals in love with his daughter who isn’t the greatest looking chick in the world. Something doesn’t quite fit. But it’s a known fact that children never believe what their parents say. Who trusts the person who’s had more experience in life? Where would the sense be in that? Although he had a funny way of showing it, Catherine’s father truly cared for her. Well we’ve already established that she’s not going to listen to his better judgment, but still, it didn’t help that she had an aunt who believed in Cinderella and Prince Charming fairy tales. Her aunt is a quack. James doesn’t go so far as to say this much but that’s what she is. She believes that everyone will find love. All she’s trying to do is live vicariously through her niece. Her father says, â€Å"All he wants is your money† she says, â€Å"no he wants your heart† and all that other mushy stuff. Her father really is a smart man. He knew from the start that his sister was going to cause this kind of trouble. He was right. It’s hard enough that she’s in love with a scumbag, but she’s got one saying he’s rotten and the other saying he’s perfect. Instead of ending up alone at the end she should’ve ended in an asylum. Hell, I know that would drive me crazy. Hmm lets see . . .who’s got the problem. Catherine maybe? Yes I think I’ll go with Catherine. Catherine is torn between the cultural forces that would have her marry into â€Å"elite† society, when she’s in love with someone she can never have-in this case a handsome young man who wants her only for her money. Of course she doesn’t know this yet but she will. The poor girl. Her father forbids her to marry Morris. Having a father disapprove of the man you love is a hard thing. Still loving the man your father disapproves of is even harder. Then later finding out that the man you’d been fighting for wouldn’t have done the same for you is devastating. Catherine knows she’s right, that Morris loves her. She knows this all the way up until the point where she finds out he doesn’t. (Well, that would be logical wouldn’t it?) But to solve the problem of being forbidden to marry, she merely stays unwed until her father’s death. When Morris shows up ten years later and then decides to try to wed her for her money, she’s got a new problem. She’s realized who he really is. So she rejects him and condemns herself to live alone rather than co mpromise to the crooked social order of both men and women that has limited her whole life. Now it’s just a hunch, but I honestly think she dies a virgin and without knowing the feeling of being loved. Now can you see why this book is just depressing? I’m so glad it’s over and I’m so glad this reports over too. So I don’t have to talk about this depressing story any longer. I have a feeling her aunt wouldn’t liked this story very much. I mean where’s the glass slipper?Book Reports Washington Square Essay Example For Students Washington Square Essay I’m depressed. Well, how could I not be? I just finished reading Washington Square. I’m happy it’s over, but I’m not happy I finished it. No, that doesn’t make sense does it? Lets just say, I had a feeling how it was going to end up; I just hoped that I would be wrong. Unfortunately the one time I didn’t want to be right I was. Isn’t that the way it always works? I guess so. Catherine, dear plain old, Catherine. Poor girl, father thinks she’s plain, she thinks she’s plain, her aunt thinks she’s plain, even the man who she thinks loves her thinks she’s plain. Although James erases this thought in the beginning of the book I still believe it, â€Å"plain† equals â€Å"ugly†. I feel so bad for her but I guess you had to have what happened to her happen, or else we wouldn’t have such a depressing story. I tell you though, I’m glad my daddy isn’t rich or I would swear off guys a s well. I felt so horrible when I knew before her what Morris was like. We will write a custom essay on Washington Square specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Which brings me to Morris Townsend. He’s a rat, I smelt a rat from the beginning but I figured it was just because for me guys for the most part are always rats. But of course he was after her money, she was â€Å"plain† and her father was â€Å"rich† no her father wasn’t â€Å"rich†. By god he was rich. So Catherine’s got a big dowry, lots of money, but she’s â€Å"plain†. Oh, well the money will compensate. This shows you the kind of man he is. Well at least it erases the theory that women are gold diggers. James makes the reader dislike Catherine’s father. He makes him seem like an insensitive uncaring prick, but I really don’t think he is. Yes I know parents are supposed to think that their child is the most beautiful thing in the world but hey, that theory’s over rated. It’s not that he didn’t love his daughter; he just knew the truth. He was realistic about the entire idea of this strikingly handsome man falling head over heals in love with his daughter who isn’t the greatest looking chick in the world. Something doesn’t quite fit. But it’s a known fact that children never believe what their parents say. Who trusts the person who’s had more experience in life? Where would the sense be in that? Although he had a funny way of showing it, Catherine’s father truly cared for her. Well we’ve already established that she’s not going to listen to his better judgment, but still, it didn’t help that she had an aunt who believed in Cinderella and Prince Charming fairy Her aunt is a quack. James doesn’t go so far as to say this much but that’s what she is. She believes that everyone will find love. All she’s trying to do is live vicariously through her niece. Her father says, â€Å"All he wants is your money† she says, â€Å"no he wants your heart† and all that other mushy stuff. Her father really is a smart man. He knew from the start that his sister was going to cause this kind of trouble. He was right. It’s hard enough that she’s in love with a scumbag, but she’s got one saying he’s rotten and the other saying he’s perfect. Instead of ending up alone at the end she should’ve ended in an asylum. Hell, I know that would drive me crazy. Hmm lets see . . .who’s got the problem. Catherine maybe? Yes I think I’ll go with Catherine. Catherine is torn between the cultural forces that would have her marry into â€Å"elite† society, when she’s in love with someone she can never have-in this case a handsome young man who wants her only for her money. Of course she doesn’t know this yet but she will. The poor girl. Her father forbids her to marry Morris. Having a father disapprove of the man you love is a hard thing. Still loving the man your father disapproves of is even harder. Then later finding out that the man you’d been fighting for wouldn’t have done the same for you is devastating.Catherine knows she’s right, that Morris loves her. She knows this all the way up until the point where she finds out he doesn’t. (Well, that would be logical wouldn’t it?) But to solve the problem of being forbidden to marry, she merely stays unwed until her father’s death. When Morris shows up ten years later and then decides to try to wed her for her money, she’s got a new problem. She’s realized who he really is. So she rejects him and condemns herself to live alone rather than compromise to the crooked social order of both men and women Now it’s just a hunch, but I honestly think she dies a virgin and without knowing the feeling of being loved. Now can you see why this book is just depressing? I’m so glad it’s over and I’m so glad this reports over too. So I don’t have to talk about this depressing story any longer. I have a feeling her aunt wouldn’t liked this story very much. I mean where’s the glass slipper?Bibliography:

XML and EDI essays

XML and EDI essays The internet is analogous to a very large library where all the books are scattered on the floor. This is because it contains so much information, but there is no organizational system for sorting through the information. "Many people have expended a lot of time and effort over the years to try to put some order into this chaos but with varying degrees of success." (Wiseman 113). The eXtensible Markup Language, or XML, aims to take on the electronic clutter and organize it in a way that everyone can use. Although XML promises to bring drastic organizational changes to the internet, it is not a new concept. In fact, businesses have been using "a collection of standard message formats and element dictionaries to exchange data" for the past twenty-five years (Wiseman 114). This type of formatting for electronic commerce is called Electronic Data InterchangeEDIand has allows businesses to trade information necessary to their functioning. It is for this reason that XML has sometimes been called "the poor man's EDI" or "EDI for everyone," XML brings organization to the common man's electronic world, while EDI has structured corporate commerce since the dawn of the information age. EDI's foundations can be traced back to 1948 "during the Berlin airlift when Ed Guilbert of the Department of Defense spearheaded the Transportation Data Coordinating Committee." (Rifkin 29). This group needed to get various modes of transportation to share data like schedules and coordinate with each other to effectively deliver supplies. The establishment of this group eventually led to the formation of the X12 committee, which was accredited by the American National Standards institute in 1979. "Large petroleum, banking, transportation, and retailing companies and the federal government soon began using X12 EDI to provide electronic forms and messages for shipping...

The Meanings and Variations of Mother

The Meanings and Variations of Mother The Meanings and Variations of Mother The Meanings and Variations of Mother By Mark Nichol Mother derives from the Old English term modor, which is cognate with the Latin word mater and the Greek word meter. (From the Latin term such words as maternal and maternity are derived.) The term refers not only to a female parent but also to a woman in authority, such as the head of a women’s religious community; it was also long employed as a respectful term of address for an elderly woman (as in â€Å"Mother Goose†), though this use is almost obsolete. It may also apply to an origin, precursor, or source, as in the expression â€Å"Necessity is the mother of invention.† A stepmother is a woman who marries one of one’s parents, and a mother-in-law is the mother of one’s spouse. Motherly describes maternal behavior, and motherlike alludes to a resemblance to the qualities of a mother. Motherhood describes the quality or state of being a mother. The verb mother pertains to the act of producing biological or figurative offspring. Motherland describes one’s home country, although the term is most prevalent in Russia and adjacent nations as well as some in the Near East and seldom used elsewhere. Mother Nature is the maternal personification of nature as the source of all that exists in the natural world. Mother also appears in a compound word ending with an obscene term; in this form and by itself it can be, depending on context, a mild epithet or an extreme insult. Open compounds that include the term mother include â€Å"earth mother† (meaning â€Å"a maternal figure†) â€Å"mother cell† (â€Å"a cell in an organism that produces usually different types of cells†), â€Å"mother hen† (â€Å"an overly protective person†), â€Å"mother lode† (â€Å"a primary mineral lode or vein† or â€Å"a primary source or supply†), â€Å"mother wit† (â€Å"natural intelligence or wit†), and â€Å"mother ship† (â€Å"a ship that serves smaller vessels†). â€Å"Refrigerator mother,† a label once applied to cold, distant, unmaternal mothers, was coined as part of a since-rejected theory for the cause of autism. A stage mother, meanwhile, is one who pressures a child to participate in the performing arts and demands special treatment for him or her; the term is derogatory, with the implication that a she is living vicariously through the child. Compounds employing the informal variant mom include â€Å"helicopter mom,† which describes an overly protective mother, as well as â€Å"soccer mom,† a sometimes pejorative term for a specific demographic- a suburban mother who pushes her children to participate in extracurricular activities such as youth soccer leagues- and the related phrase â€Å"hockey mom,† which pertains to inhabitants of geographic regions where ice hockey is prevalent. Expressions that use the term mother follow: a face only a mother could love: said of an unattractive person at (one’s) mother’s knee: alluding to learning something as a child every mother’s son: an evocative way of saying â€Å"everyone† everybody/everyone and (one’s) mother: a hyperbolic expression referring to a crowd the mother of all (blank): a hyperbolic reference to the best or greatest of a type of thing swear/swore on (one’s) mother’s grave: a hyperbolic reference to a solemn confirmation that one is telling the truth because of the association with the sanctity of a parent’s gravesite tied to (one’s) mother’s apron strings: said of a man who has not asserted his independence from his mother Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Bare or Bear With Me?5 Brainstorming Strategies for Writers20 Classic Novels You Can Read in One Sitting

Marketing Analysis for Acer Hi-Fi System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Analysis for Acer Hi-Fi System - Essay Example Acer has been known for a long time as electronic producing company especially computer products. Recently, the company has entered the music product industry where its asserting is presence in the market by introducing unique and superior products in the market, hi-fi clear system being one of such products. To assert its presence in the music industry, Acer has embarked on market analysis mission for its hi-fi music system for business growth and increase in its market share. 2.0 Situational Analysis/ Opportunity Identification Situational analysis and opportunity analysis involves a clear definition of opportunities available to an organization’s operating environment both internally and externally and the challenges thereof (Stevens, Sherwood and Dunn, 1993, 7). This helps the managers to make appropriate strategic decisions to tap into the opportunities and overcome the challenges present. 2.1 Market Analysis Given that Acer group of companies has a global presence, it ha s a market potential to market its Acer hi-fi system to over 300 million middle and upper income class who forms its target market. This market segment has a higher purchasing power and superior tastes for high quality products. In addition, this market segment comprises technology literate individuals who are quick to adopt and use the product. Buyer behaviour shows a strong peer influence and appeal for quality features. Acer’s market intelligence shows that majority of the target customers have had experience with other Acer products in the past a factor the company seeks to utilize to capture a sizeable market share. Initial sales figures show that the company has the potential to grow its market share in this market segment given the unique and superior quality of its product. 2.2 SWOT Analysis The analysis process involves a critical review of the strengths and weaknesses focusing on internal factors on one hand and opportunities and threats addressing the external fact ors (Cheverton, 2004, 84). Detailed SWOT analysis is presented in the table below; Internal Factors Strengths Weaknesses Product offerings Capable of connecting to all of the devices on your home network and devices Unique sound quality and affordable Largely unknown compared to competitor brands Somehow sophisticated to some customers Acer brand Known for its quality Producer of affordable goods Not ranked among the top electronic companies Positioning problem Management Experienced in new product development and marketing strategies Understands the target market’s purchase behaviour patterns Slow to react to changes in customer demand Organizational structural challenges Market Huge global market of over 300 mn customers Better product adoption among target customers Strong tastes and preferences Rapid changes in demand Low adoption rates in some markets Human Resources Skilled manpower with strong product development, financial and marketing skills High turnover Financial considerations Revenue estimates are good given the margin/product Low cost of production ROI very promising Rising cost of raw materials and energy R&D Competent R&D teams Rapid dynamism in the music industry Capital and time intensive External Factors Opportunities Threats Consumer market High purchasing power Technologically savvy Rapid changes in tastes and

Discipline in the Public Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Discipline in the Public Schools - Essay Example Tinker vs Des Moines Independent School District (1969): It was in 1965 when John tinker his sister Mary Tinker and a friend Chris Eckhardt wore black armbands on their sleeve in protest of the Vietnam War. The school faculty told them to remove those armbands, but they refused. As a consequence, John, Mary Tinker and Chris Eckhardt were suspended. (TINKER vs DES MOINES DISTRICT SCHOOL) The Tinker family protested and the sued the school district saying that they had violated the students right of Freedom of speech (Jacobs). The case was tried at Supreme Court, and the Tinker family won the case. The Supreme Court gave the ruling that the school official do not "shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate" (TINKER vs DES MOINES DISTRICT SCHOOL). However, the court further added that the right of freedom of choice must be maintained within the limits. It should not in any way disturb class activity or invade rights of others. The impact of this case had been huge for the next years and many times the Tinker reference was used in courts. One such instance was when Mathew Fraser of Bethel High School was suspended by the school for giving a speech containing sexual innuendos. The court, however, favored the school and the suspension was upheld a speech containing sexual innuendos. The court remarked that it was fair of the school to suspend the student for using vulgar language within school boundaries. (Jacobs) The Tinker case edges on the boundary of what is right and what is not. It depends on the situation and the way people use their rights given to them by the constitution. The Tinker family wore black armbands in dispute of the war against Vietnam, but it was not invasion of school guidelines that are handed to students. War is means of destruction, no matter for whatever reasons it is fought. It takes lives of innocent people. It has been seen today that even football players wear black armbands to condemn racism. In 2002, people went out on the streets to condemn attacks on Afghanistan, but it was only a movement in which people took part (Pinto). Nothing violent took place. Same was the case with Tinker family they just wore armbands in protest of the war and possibly to side more students with them and show the State that the youth is not supporting the cause. It was not any act of violence. There was huge unrest among the American public in response to the Vietnam War, in genera l. (Hodbod'ova'). So, the Tinker family stood right in the case. If the case was tried in 2012, the decision would have stayed the same. In the twenty first century, people have much more freedom of choice and speech. We have seen many times people coming out on the street and not supporting the cause, such as the War against Terror in Afghanistan (Pinto). Goss vs Lopez: Administrators of Colombus, Ohio, Public School System-CPSS, appealed against the ruling of three-judge federal court that was in favor of high school temporarily suspended students of CPSS, on the grounds that Fourteen Amendment was violated for a chance of hearing was not afforded to them. The ruling directed that reference to suspensions to be removed from the record of the students. (GOSS ET AL. v. LOPEZ ET AL.) The judgment had evoked Section 3313.66 of Ohio State (that provides free education to children of 5-21) which states that the Principal of a public school can, either suspend a pupil for up to 10 days o r expel him/her. In case of

Chinese history Essay Example for Free

Chinese history Essay 250 Word Essay One of the most important aspects of ancient Chinese history is the formation of the Silk Road, a trade route which spanned two continents and put China on the map as one of the most important import/export countries in the ancient world. It’s beginnings were smaller in scale as it only encompassed the Chinese Empire itself but it became apparent, after Zhang Qian made contact with Central Asian tribes, that the expansion the trade route would benefit both China and other Asian nations. It continued to expand under the Han dynasty and into Roman times (Beauty).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the most important reasons for its formation as a major trade route was fear of marauding gangs that were eager to obtain the many goods that Chinese merchants filled their caravans with: silk, gemstones, incense, spices, and blue and white porcelain were just some fo the cargo traveled along the Silk Road. The Chinese army was even beefed up in order to protect this special route that helped to keep China’s economy booming. It’s reach expanded throughout China and Asia and eventually commerce was developed between the Roman Empire and China (Newton).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The long-term impact of the Silk Road on Chinese culture and history were that it literally brought a strong economy to China, and brought the goods and customs of other cultures into its borders. The traders, including Zhang Qian in 138 B.C.E., were able to learn economic, military, and geographical information that would help in the roads expansion and with Chinese military success. The Silk Road was so important to the culture of both the Eastern and Western world because during Roman times, even the lower socioeconomic classes depended upon the goods that were imported from China on the Silk Road, and even the religion of Buddhism was spread by way of the Silk Road. Its impact on the world was huge and its impact on Chinese culture even more prominent (Newton). Works Cited The Silk Road. Beauty, the Land of China. ThinkQuest. 19 Jan. 2007 http://library.thinkquest.org/20443/silkroad.html. The Silk Road. Newton Public Schools. 19 Jan. 2007 http://www.newton.mec.edu/Angier/DimSum/Silk%20Road%20Info.html.    100 Word Assignment  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the most surprising aspects of my research about the Silk Road was the vast expanse of space which is encompassed. It’s amazing how far the caravans had to travel and how large they were. From all accounts the Silk Road was dangerous to those traveling it because of the terrain and yet it was such an integral part of Chinese history and lasted for many years, even expanding. The images of the Silk Road that I could find reminded me the regal images of Chinese royalty, for some reason. It’s as if everyone is perceived as being clothed in silk from head to toe, even the camels! I definitely see how difficult the trip must have been because of the limited means of transportation that the merchants had access to, and how they could easily become victims of a raid for their goods. I also thought that it was interesting that Buddhism itself was virtually spread by way of the Silk Road. I was surprised to see that the Silk Road is being revitalized for tourism purposes and that there are many tour groups that specialize in trips just along the route that used to be traveled by Chinese merchants in ancient times.

The Notebook Essay -- Film Movie Notebook Essays Movies

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Notebook is a phenomenal film with incredible performances and many heartfelt moments from beginning to end. It is a love story that many of us fantasize of living someday. The story unfolds in recent times at a Nursing home with the introduction of an elderly lady (Gena Rowlands) who is being visited by an old man, known as Duke (James Garner), who also resides in the nursing home, and he's there to read her a story. He begins to read about a young girl named Allie (Rachel McAdams) who was visiting a cousin one summer in the late 1940s. Allie was a beautiful teenage girl who eventually caught the eye of Noah (Ryan Gosling), her cousin's boyfriend's best friend. Initially, she showed no interest in Noah, considering the fact that she was a well rounded rich girl, and Noah, a poo...

Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment: Character Analysis Essay

Despite how easy it may be to misconstrue Dr. Heidegger’s intentions for evil, he truly is a kind hearted man with a passion that drives his dedication for the work he does. Dr. Heidegger wants nothing more than to analyze his friends for the sake of experiment. There is no hostility or alterior motive. Before they begin, he states, â€Å"With your permission, therefore, I will merely watch the progress of the experiment.† There is not a clearer way to articulate the intentions he has to observe the effects of the elixir. Dr. Heidegger even gives a fair warning to his friends that they would benefit from this experiment if they went into it with a set of guidelines in order to prevent the repetition of tragedy. Colenal Killigrew, Mr. Gascoin, and Widow Wycherly all see this as an experience while Dr. Heidegger’s excitement lies in the fact that he created a completely original experiment and has the honor to execute it using people he is close to. It is true that from this process Dr. Heidegger learned a very valuable lesson, however, his friends were more than just guinea pigs to him. In his eyes, a lesson cannot be learned without proper steps. This logic should not be confused with the idea that he wants any harm or misery plaved on his subjects. In the mind of a great man of science like Dr. Heidegger there is no hidden purpose to his actions, there is simply a plan, an observation, an analysis, and a conclusion. His morals are unsoiled, there is not much more a scientist needs than a successful experiment.

Impact of Korean Culture in North East India Essay

There is a foreign invasion taking place in India’s Northeast region. But the invasion is not from neighboring countries like China or Bangladesh. This time round, it is a cultural invasion. The North eastern states have been experiencing a shift in cultural assimilation from western Americanize ethos(people, system) to Korean and Japanese culture. The wave of globalization and information and communication technology revolution has also been felt in the North Eastern States of India. Korean culture is spreading like wild-fire across the North East India. Everything that’s Korean is selling hot. Korean culture ranging from soaps, music, food, movies. Markets flooded with Korean DVDs, sometimes pirated sold at 100-200 Indian Rupees. Every home has not less than 20 DVDs. The rooms of young people are adorned with posters of Korean actors. Koreans ethos has taken over hearts and homes of many families. The demand for Korean soaps, cinema, fashion and language is at a new peak. What made it possible? Many factors facilitate the raid of the phenomenon. Some of them may be discussed as follows: Socio-cultural implications of K-POP culture: New movie cult: The Korean movies are gradually replacing the Bollywood and even the Hollywood ones. Instead of current Bollywood favourites, it is movie names like â€Å"The Classic†, â€Å"Windstruck†, â€Å"A Moment to Remember†, â€Å"My Sassy Girl† etc. , that are on the lips of the teenagers. The posters of Korean actors and actresses have replaced that of Shah Rukh Khan, Rani Mukherjee, Aishwarya Rai, and others. In Mizoram even the older generation has been addicted to Korean movies since the local cable television translated Korean films and dramas. New youth culture: With the arrival of Arirang, its impact upon the North East people, especially among the youngsters has been felt in many ways. For example, after watching the various Korean serials on Arirang, there is an earnest desire by the youngsters to imitate and copy everything from language, to food habit, to dress style, even the body language and some Korean manners. They have started using some common sentences used in the day to day life by the serial stars. For instance, aneo (hello), sarangheo (I love you), kamsahamnida (thank you), etc. They begin to wish each other through Korean style. They have become so familiar with the Korean actors, actresses and singers that most of them know Rain, Seven, Bigbang etc. Some of them can even sing some of their favourite Korean singers’ songs. Among school kids and teenagers, Korean movie is one of their hot topics since many things in Korean cultural life that are shown in serials and movies, can relate with their own life and society. The youths have also started sleeping on the floor of their room instead of on the bed. They feel that it is so fashionable. New business trends: These pirated films, which can be rented for as low as five rupees or ten rupees for a night are a rage with the audience. These movies come in special DVD formats consisting of around eight to nine movies in a DVD. They make copies and either sell them or rent them out. Imported items from South East Asian countries through Myanmar, are flooded with pirated movie, television serial and music CDs mainly from Korea. The rise of the Korean Wave in India particularly in the Northeast region of India is a unique phenomenon. The ‘wave’ has reached the shore of Northeastern region of India, particularly Nagaland state since 2007. The wave hit stronger after the first ever Korea-India Music Festival was held in Kohima in 2008 under the joint partnership of Nagaland government and the South Korea government. In 2009, the Korean singers, wrestlers and even Korean food featured during the Hornbill festival, a yearly event festival held in Kohima. Naga boys and girls belted out Korean songs. Why people in Northeast India have easily assimilated to Korean culture while Indian culture is just at their doorsteps? Perhaps this question is seldom asked. This may be because of physical similarities between the Koreans and the northeasterners who are mostly of Mongoloid stock. People find Solace/comfort/relief in Korean entertainment because of the likeness in physical appearance. Another factor might be attributed the ban of Hindi movies by militants in the northeast. However, had there been no physical similarities between Korea and the tribal of Northeast India, the wave may not have much impact to attract customers. The Korean Wave is therefore, the result of a star system and new entertainment management firms that have a strong appeal to the audience. On the other hand, as one of the most popular cultural discourses among Asians, the Korean Wave has certainly created a new set of cultural symbols in this region. The Korean government has combined this cultural symbol with economic development. It is clear that the Korean government has been trying to foster the ties apparently, for economic benefits through promoting cultural industry. The Korean wave has moved beyond a fad and is here to stay. But the cultural boom has helped the Koreans in two ways – promotes cultural ties and business deal follows.

SAT Math - PrepScholar 2016 Students Encyclopedia

SAT Math - PrepScholar 2016 Students' Encyclopedia SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The Mathematics section of the SAT asks students to solve problems with pre-algebra, algebra, geometry, probability, and data analysis from charts and graphs.The SAT does not testadvanced math like trigonometry, pre-calculus, or calculus. Students who have taken ahigh school level algebra class and geometry class likelyhave sufficient familiarity with the testedconcepts to sit for the SAT.Those who have less familiarity withthese concepts in their general education will likelybenefit from self-teaching with SAT preparation materials. Note: this article is a series in the PrepScholar2016 Students' Encyclopedia, a free students' and parents' SAT / ACT guide that provides encyclopedic knowledge. Read all the articles here! While the SAT Mathematics section does not test advanced concepts or require complex calculations, it challenges students to apply logic and problem-solving skills under strict time limits. SAT mathquestions may not resemble typical classroom math problems, and they call forcareful reading and attention to detail. Questions often requiremultiple steps to solve, as well as the combined applicationof concepts from multiple fields. SAT preparation has been shown to lead to score improvements in the math section, as it gives students insight into SAT question types and the testing of relatively basic mathematical concepts in non-traditional ways. Rather than one long section, SAT Mathematics is divided intothree sections. Two of these sectionsare 25minutes in length and one is 20minutes. Altogether, the Mathematics section adds up to atotal of 70 minutes. The number of scored Mathematics questions on the SAT remains consistent across tests at 54 questions. Since each SAT has an unmarked experimental section, students may encounter an additional 25-minute math section. If this is the case, then that experimental section will not be factored into theoverall Mathematics score. Of these 54 questions, 44 are multiple choice and 10 are student-produced, commonly known as "grid-in" questions. Students answer the multiple choice questions by filling in the corresponding choices on their answer sheet. Student-produced responses are written in a specially designatedsection at the bottom of the answer sheet. These grids have spaces for up to four digits, along with the option of adding a decimal point or fraction bar. Unlike for multiple choice questions, there are no point deductions for incorrect responses to grid-in questions. The above instructions for answering grid-in questions appear on the SAT answer sheet. Besides maintaining the number of mathematics questions on each test at 54, the SAT also remains consistent in the format of each section. One 25-minute section always has 20 multiple choice questions. The other 25-minute section has 8 multiple choice and 10 grid-ins. Finally, the 20 minute section returns to multiple choice with 16 questions. Onestrategic approach to the Mathematics section involves the order of difficulty of the questions. Typicallyquestions in the mathsections get progressively harder, moving from easy to medium to difficult. Since all questions have equal scoring weight regardless of difficulty level, students may benefit from focusing on the easy and medium questions that they have a greater likelihood ofanswering correctly. Studentsmayalso be strategic aboutthe number of seconds they spend answering each question,prioritizing questions from which they have the greatest chance of earning points. Top scorers generally leave themselves a larger proportion of time to dedicate todifficult questions. Depending on eachtest's grading curve, students are allowed only one, if any, incorrect answers to achieve a full score of 800. The Mathematics questions cover four main areas of content: numbers and operations, algebra and functions, geometry and measurement, and data analysis, statistics, and probability. According to the test developer College Board, the majority of questions cover algebra or geometry. Number and operations are tested by 11 to 13 questions. Algebra and functions are tested by 19 to 21 questions. Geometry and measurement are tested by 14 to 16 questions. Data analysis, satistics, and probability are tested by 6 to 7 questions. College Board further breaks down each of these areas of content into subtopics. Following each list of subtopics is an example of an official SAT sample question. Number and Operations Arithmetic word problems (including percent, ratio, and proportion) Properties of integers (even, odd, prime numbers, divisibility, and so forth) Rational numbers (numbers that be written as a ratio) Sets (union, intersection, elements) Counting techniques Sequences and series (including exponential growth) Elementary number theory (using arithmetic, geometry, or algebra to solve equations with integer or rational solutions) Sample SAT Question Algebra and Functions Substitution and simplifying algebraic expressions Properties of exponents Algebraic word problems Solutions of linear equations and inequalities Systems of equations and inequalities Quadratic equations Equations of lines Absolute value Direct and inverse variation Concepts of algebraic functions Sample SAT Question Geometry and Measurement Area and perimeter of a polygon Area and circumference of a circle Volume of a box, cube, and cylinder Pythagorean theorem and special properties of isosceles, equilateral, and right triangles Properties of parallel and perpendicular lines Coordinate geometry Slope Similarity Transformations Sample SAT Question Data Analysis, Statistics, and Probability Data interpretation (tables and graphs) Descriptive statistics (mean, median, and mode) Probability Sample SAT Question Each Mathematics section on the SAT beginswith a collection of facts, figures, and formulas for students to consult as reference. This reference sheet includes properties of special right triangles, the formulas for finding area, volume, and circumference, and the measure of degrees in a circle and a triangle. While this information is accessible during the test, students are likely to perform better byentering the test with a working knowledge ofthese facts and formulas. Students receive the above facts, formulas, and figures at the beginning of each SAT math section. Students may use calculators on the Mathematics section, though most questions can be solved without the use of a calculator. Most graphing calculators, all scientific calculators, and all four function calculators are allowed. Cell phones, tablets, personal organizers, and calculators with QWERTY keyboards are strictly prohibited.The use of unacceptable technology may result in dismissal from the testing room and score cancellation. Students who have familiarity with their calculator, especially from withintheirmath classrooms, tend toderive greater benefit from its use. Writing out equations and calculations in the test booklet is also highly recommended for solving problems inthe Mathematics section. Read more from the SAT Encyclopedia! Further Reading The 21 Critical Math Formulas You MUST Know How to Stop Running Out of Time on SAT Math Calculators on the SAT: Tips from Experts

The Difference Between Intensive and Extensive Properties

The Difference Between Intensive and Extensive Properties Intensive properties and extensive properties are types of physical properties of matter. The terms intensive and extensive were first described by physical chemist and physicist Richard C. Tolman in 1917. Heres a look at what intensive and extensive properties are, examples of them, and how to tell them apart. Intensive Properties Intensive properties are bulk properties, which means they do not depend on the amount of matter that is present. Examples of intensive properties include: Boiling PointDensityState of MatterColorMelting PointOdorTemperatureRefractive IndexLusterHardnessDuctilityMalleability Intensive properties can be used to help identify a sample because these characteristics do not depend on the amount of sample, nor do they change according to conditions. Extensive Properties Extensive properties do depend on the amount of matter that is present. An extensive property is considered additive for subsystems. Examples of extensive properties include: VolumeMassSizeWeightLength The ratio between two extensive properties is an intensive property. For example, mass and volume are extensive properties, but their ratio (density) is an intensive property of matter. While extensive properties are great for describing a sample, they arent very helpful in identifying it because they can change according to sample size or conditions. Way to Tell Intensive and Extensive Properties Apart One easy way to tell whether a physical property is intensive or extensive is to take two identical samples of a substance and put them together. If this doubles the property (e.g., twice the mass, twice as long), its an extensive property. If the property is unchanged by altering the sample size, its an intensive property.

Media Supported Soldiers During Deployments Iraq and Afghanistan Essay

Media Supported Soldiers During Deployments Iraq and Afghanistan - Essay Example The US army played an instrumental in weakening one of the largest terrorist organizations in the world; Al-Qaeda. The use of images, interviews and consistent reporting from the war on terror-afflicted areas created a connection between the public and those deployed for the purpose of eliminating the roots of terrorism. The sense of empathy and national pride that came into being was as a result of the successive efforts of the media forces. Media is an important tool that was available to the government to create an understanding between the public and the government regarding the effects and consequences of the war on terror. And the media certainly rose to the crisis as from programmes such as the Larry King show, Oprah Winfrey show, and news broadcasts of BBC, Sky News, and Fox News all outlined the risks borne by the army and the sacrifices which were being made for the sake of eliminating terrorism. MySpace and Face book are two social networking communities which have millions of users and this very access makes them a significant media force. Users of these networks include international users from all age groups hence, making the access all that influential. Face book in reference to the role that was played by it in terms of making the nation and the international world was certainly significant. Numerous supporting groups were created for the army forces and many groups were created by all those proud of the efforts of the army hence, initiating a positive movement. (Techtree News Staff ,2008). MySpace being a social networking website with a interactive set-up allows the users to create vides, pictures and profiles. During the war on terror, there was an influx of images and videos which were uploaded which were all connected to the actual sacrifices and efforts which were being undertaken by the US troops in order to create an understanding amongst the people of what the actual picture was. The communities that were created were as a result quite successful amongst the users and the influx of popular votes for polls conducted regarding the war on terror were actually used an indicator regarding the public opinion of the war. The comments page, blogs, groups and bulletins were all used as a technique of gathering public support and hence, the role which was played by these social networking websites was much greater than could have been deduced. All those soldiers and their families were able to receive support from unknown users of these websites who had been unaware till the active use of these websites which awakened a sense of social conscience. (Story,2008) The international users were able to have access to these videos and images as well and the users in fact created groups to show support for the soldiers who had made so many sacrifices for the sake of others. This sense of realization was played

Different experience of two passengers in the airplane Essay

Different experience of two passengers in the airplane - Essay Example Here the essay indicates one person’s perspective upon the entering the plane and allowing the cramped space of the seating to ruin their experience throughout the flight. Conversely, the point of view of the other passenger is not as adversely affected by the cramped seating. In this example, the essay states, â€Å"When the passengers took their seats and reached towards the magazines in front of them they settled into what would become a wonderful airplane ride across the Atlantic Ocean. While the airplane wasn’t as large as traditional airliners it had a number of charming elements that made it more enjoyable than other flight methods.† These examples not only demonstrate how one passenger can perceive things differently from the simple nature of their physical size (as one space is cramped for person one, but not person two), but also rhetorically demonstrate that this experience shaded the individual’s perception of the entire trip. Another rhetorica l strategy that was implemented was showing how different people could interpret the same event in different ways. In terms of these essays, they demonstrated how the talking and general noise that occurred during the flight was interpreted differently, with the first passenger finding them irritating and the second enjoying them. Ultimately, these rhetorical elements demonstrate the means by which the same event, when experienced by different people, can be perceived in entirely different ways.

Examine any foreign currency of your choice (preferably from and Research Paper

Examine any foreign currency of your choice (preferably from and emerging market and provide an analysis of that currency agains - Research Paper Example Hence, it can be stated that the movements of exchange rates have vital implications over the national economy including its business cycle, trade and capital flows. Additionally, exchange rate is often regarded as an important factor that influences the foreign economic policy of a country by a large extent (Dua & Ranjan, 2011). The paper intends to identify and analyse the Indian Rupee against the US Dollar over the five years period ending with 2010. Macroeconomic Analysis of the Indian Rupee over the US Dollar Macroeconomic fundamentals play a crucial role in the determination of exchange rate. This particular statement can be well interpreted with reference to the microeconomic context and currency fluctuations witnessed in India in the recent years. India has witnessed enormous volatility in the recent decade which has resulted in constant fluctuation of the Indian Rupee against US Dollar. The fluctuation had been quite apparent during the period of 2005-2010 (Somaiya, 2008). F or instance, during the year 2009, the Indian Rupee reached 48.32 against the US Dollar which was recorded to be the lowest exchange rate against the US Dollar over the five year period ranging from 2005-2010; while, in 2007, the Indian Rupee was identified to be 41.20 which was again observed to be the highest against the US Dollar for the stated five year period (SignalTrend Inc, 2012). Source: (SignalTrend Inc., 2012) Since 1990, India has made several structural reforms with respect to its foreign exchange related affairs. The major objectives of these reforms were fundamentally to enhance the confidence level among the investors and thereby, maintain a degree of domestic competiveness. Contextually, a major reason identifiable behind the appreciation of Indian Rupee against the US Dollar for the period of 2005-2010 illustrates the occurrence to be a consequence of the increase recorded in the capital inflow of the nation. The FDI equity inflow between 2005 and 2010 was identifi ed to be seven times more than the previous five years i.e. 2000-2004 (Rao & Dhar, 2011). During the fiscal years from 2007 to 2008, the currency exchange rates in almost all the emerging markets including India had strengthened against US Dollar. According to the reports on currency and finance during the aforementioned period, The Indian Rupee was appreciated by 10.2 percent as on March 2009. However, it is worth mentioning that Indian currency, in the five years period, has also depreciated dramatically in certain circumstances. After the occurrence of Lehman’s bankruptcy, the Indian Rupee sharply depreciated, reaching the level of 50 INR/US$, in the month of October 2008. The depreciation in Indian Rupee was primarily attributed with the rise in the price of crude petrol and inflationary pressure prevailing within the country. Moreover, the declining exports and continuous outflow of nat6ional income also contributed towards the depreciation of Rupee and appreciation of t he US Dollar (Reserve Bank of India, 2009). It is worth mentioning in this regard that the depreciation of Indian rupee had dramatic impacts upon the economy. Consequently, the depreciation resulted in higher import costs which ultimately lead towards the price rise of import commodities such as crude petrol and i

Evaluating The Spawning Techniques For Bivalves

Evaluating The Spawning Techniques For Bivalves Control of reproduction is a prerequisite in modern bivalves aquculture industries due to unreliable quantity and quality of natural spat as well as market demand on standardized products. Spawning is one critical step in bivalves hatchery, together with fertilization and larval rearing, thus a lot of research has been done to explore prospective methods and understand the process within. Various means in spawning techniques are presented herein, i.e. gamete stripping and spawning induction by chemical or physical stimulants. Where relevant, advantage and disadvantage of each technique are discussed and compared. Introduction Bivalves are aquatic animals belong to the phylum Mollusca which characterized by two calcareous shells covering a soft body, encompassingboth marine and fresh-water species both marine and fresh-water species. Some well-known bivalves, such as clams, scallop, mussels, and oysters; has been successfully cultured since decades or centuries ago (Nash, 2011). Nowadays, bivalves and other members of molluscs accounts for nearly 30% of aquaculture production with volume more than 50 million tonnes in 2006 (FAO, 2008). Intensive production is needed to meet market demands on edible and high value bivalves (pearl oysters). One important key of intensification is control over all of the production steps, including management of reproduction which will lead to higher productivity with lower cost in order to reach best efficiencies and standardized products. Controlled spawning of molluscs is the best way to obtain reliable supply of quality seeds and reduce dependencies upon unreliable natural spawning events to collect spat. The development of bivalves hatchery was started in 1879 when William Brooks demonstrated that oyster eggs could be spawned and developed into the larval stage in laboratory (Castagna, 1983). No published report on artificial propagation of bivalve molluscs until 1920s when William Wells successfully reared oyster larvae. These two findings provide important data for further development in molluscan aquaculture. This article will describe a number of common spawning techniques for bivalves, which divided into 2 categories: gamete stripping and spawning induction. Henceforward, gamete stripping is considered not induction since the word induction refers to a persuading or stimulating action, whereas another authors may define the other way. Advantage and disadvantage considerations of each technique are included, particularly in relevance with practical farming aspects. 1. Gamete Stripping As the name indicates, this procedure involves removal of gamete from gonad tissue. Briefly, fully ripe gonad overlies the digestive tract was slash repeatedly with scalpel and washed with filtered seawater to harvest the gametes. Microscopy examination is needed to determine sex and appearance of the ova and sperms. Therefore, only well-trained operators can carry it out because of high level of difficulties. Due to its effectiveness, gamete stripping has been widely used to obtain gametes in many Bivalvia species. Pacific oysters (Suquet et al., 2007), pearl oysters Pinctada fucata (Alagarswami et al., 1983a), and European flat oysters Crassostrea gigas (Shpigel, 1989) are some of organisms successfully spawned using gamete stripping. Furthermore, this technique obviously the only way to obtain mature gametes for species that can not be spawned by any physical or chemical stimulation. In some bivalves, viable eggs does not necessarily obtained immediately after stripping because naturally a series of activation process takes place in follicle prior to spawning, i. e. removal of germinal vesicles and formation of germinal spindle (Loosanof, 1953; Southgate, 2008). Loosanof and Davis (1963) treated eggs of Mercenaria mercenaria with 0.1N ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), but the embryos did not develop well and leading to low percentage of normal larvae compared to their naturally spawned counterparts. So far, no reports about detail mechanisms on how NH4OH activates eggs, while comprehensive understanding of the process is absolutely important for optimization or probably substitute NH4OH with another potential substance. Stripping itself is a destructive and lethal method, thus it is not a sustainable way to maintain broodstock collections. Sacrificing superior broodstock must be invaluable loss that all hatcheries try to avoid it. Likewise, pearl oysters hatcheries prefer another spawning method that has no detrimental effects, considering the high value of the product and the oysters itself (Southgate, 2008). 2. Spawning Induction by Physical and Chemical Means 2.1 Chemical stimuli 2.1.1 Injections of sex steroids The presence of steroids in molluscs has been identified by Hagerman et al. (1957) and its fluctuations have a strong correlation with sexual maturation, gamete release, and sex determination in bivalve (Croll and Wang, 2007). A serotonin, 5 hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), works synergistically with steroid for those functions because steroids regulate 5-HT receptor on the membrane of gametes (Kadam et al., 1991). Combinations of 5-HT and steroid intragonadal injections are the most widely used in aquaculture farming practice. Efficacy of steroid treatment must be assessed on species basis because a particular steroid may give different results in different species. Similarly, one species could give various responses to some steroids, even if they have similar chemical structure. Published reports by Wang Croll (2003; 2004; 2006) explain clearly about gonadal maturation as well as spawning responses in sea scallop Placopecten magellanicus towards a number of steroid injections, both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro study by Wang and Croll (2003) shows 10-5-10-8 M progesterone and 17ÃŽÂ ²-estradiol potentiated gamete release in 5-HT-induced gonads tissue of P. magellanicus, both female and/or male. On the other side, testosterone (10-5-10-7 M) was only effective in male and no significant effects on dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and 4ÃŽÂ ±-androsterone injections. Application of steroid inhibitors and control group (5-HT-incubated gonads) in the experiment strongly suggest steroids and steroid receptors involve in molluscan reproduction. Those results are confirmed with in vivo study by Wang and Croll (2006), although slightly different. Progesterone, which is able to initiate gamete release in male and female gonads tissue in vitro, demonstrated inhibitory effect in 5-HT-induced female P. magellanicus. Another interesting fact is the number of gametes released (spawning intensity) are sharply increased up to 300% and the response time after injection (spawning latency) reduced about 30%. Despite of its advantages, administration of sex steroid in bivalves farming apparently impose additional cost since serotonin must be used in parallel to obtain optimal result. In-depth economic calculations might be necessary to reach a balance between cost and benefits. 2.1.2 Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) H2O2 application to induce bivalves spawning was first reported by Morse et al. (1977). He and his colleagues found that addition of 5mM of H2O2 to alkaline seawater successfully induced spawning, in both male and female gravid abalone Haliotis rufescens, within about 3 hours after the first addition. This effect results from activation of prostaglandin endoperoxidase by peroxides, which eventually triggers the spawning response. Their paper convincingly pointed that H2O2, neither another contaminants nor substances, initiates the spawning (Table 1). Destruction of H2O2 by catalase and mercaptoethanol (reducing agent) effectively blocks spawning. Aspirin, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin peroxidase synthesis, shows endoperoxidase synthesis is required for induction of spawning by H2O2. Table 1. Induction of spawning in gravid H. rufescens Treatment Total Number of Animals Tested Spawned Controls 77 (47F, 30M) 3 (2F, 1M) H2O 18 (13 F, 5 M) 0 H2O2 31 (17 F, 14 M) 30 (16 F, 14 M) Aspirin, then H2O2 26 (12 F, 14 M) 2 M Catalase, then H2O2 5 M 0 Mercaptoethanol, then H2O2 5 M 0 Note: F = female, M = male. Source: Morse et al. (1977) Nevertheless, less success was achieved in Indian pearl oysters P. fucata with H2O2 treatment as with abalone did (Alagarswami et al., 1983b). Mild spawning only occurred with 6mM H2O2 for 5 hours immersion. Supplementation of seawater with Tris buffer at pH 9.1, which usually effective for abalone, does not works well for P. fucata. These conversely results indicate H2O2 concentration must be optimized for any cultured species, sometimes in combination with other treatments. Since peroxide method is a simple and rapid technique, an assay for spawning bivalves which previously known difficult to spawn can be developed quite easily. Morse (1984) has been able to identify optimal conditions for gametogenesis and spawning of green (H. fulgens), pink (H. corrugata), and black abalone (H. cracherodii) using peroxide method. Spawning of these animals can be induced by H2O2 in a slightly high temperature (20-25Â °C). 2.1.3 Injections of neurotransmitters Serotonin, 5-HT, is the most widely used and probably the most potent neurotransmitter for artificial spawning purpose. In vitro study shows ovarian tissue of Patinopecten yessoensis released high number of eggs after been immersed in 10-6M serotonin (Matsutani and Nomura, 1987). The study also demonstrated interaction between serotonin and its receptors in ovary, as well as on how prostaglandins regulate serotonin performance in scallop. The efficacy of serotonin in vitro was confirmed in many in vivo studies. Gibbons and Castagna (1984) injected six species of bivalves with 2mM serotonin, nearly similar to the concentration used by Matsutani and Nomura (1987), and all of them spawned as expected with spawning latency 15-30 minutes (Table 2). For an unknown reason, there is a tendency serotonin more likely affected males than females. Table 2. Number of bivalves spawned by 5-HT injection Species Treatment Number of Tested Spawning Males Spawning Females Arctica islandica Control 70 0 0 Serotonin 70 15 4 Argopecten irradians Control 35 2 1 Serotonin 35 29 1 Crassostrea virginica Control 30 0 0 Serotonin 30 21 0 Geukensia demissa Control 20 1 0 Serotonin 20 8 1 Mercenaria mercenaria Control 70 0 0 Serotonin 329 116 21 Spisula solidissima Control 45 0 1 Serotonin 45 18 9 Source: Gibbons and Castagna (1984). Positive result was also obtained in giant clams, only Hippopus hippopus was less sensitive to serotonin (Braley, 1985). Another tested species (Tridacna gigas, T. derasa, T. maxima, T. crocea, T. squamosa) did very well in terms of spawning latency and spawning duration, even with a low dosage of serotonin. Therefore, injection of serotonin provides reliable way to induce spawning in giant clams, besides gametes-overlay method. Velez et al. (1989) carried out a more comprehensive research to see effect some neurotransmitters upon spawning induction in scallop Pecten ziczac. Given the number of neurotransmitters (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine), only serotonine could induce spawning process. Moreover, they noticed that females give less response to serotonine than males do; similar to what Gibbons Castagna (1984) found. 2.1.4 Addition of gametes Tridacnid clams, such as T. maxima and T. squamosa, can be induced to spawn in captivity by introducing gonad extract from the opposite-sex into the mantel cavity (Gwyther and Munro, 1981; Munro et al., 1982). Three different gonad extracts were performed: gonad biopsy, freshly blended gonad, and freeze-dried blended gonad. Unfortunately, the author did not compare the treatments and describe the relevant results more detail. This induction technique is fairly simple in principles and implementation. Spawning occurs simply because synchronized release of gametes, on which gamete act as chemical cues or pheromones (Soong et al., 2005), a natural adaptation to increase external fertilization probability for broadcasting-gametes organisms. 2.1.5 Ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated seawater Seawater irradiated by light was a very powerful spawning inducer. Window-pane shell Placuna placenta responded quickly after been immersed in UV-irradiated seawater (Madrones-Ladja, 1997). The average number of eggs released per female using this treatment is as high as in serotonin treatment; furthermore the stimulus did not affect the viability of gametes. Besides of its reliable efficiency, this technique is very cost-effective and simpler than serotonin injection. It is also applicable for either individual or mass spawning, and does really works for both sexes of bivalves. 2.2 Physical stimuli 2.2.1 Temperature manipulation Manipulating water temperature is the most popular methods of spawning induction in bivalve hatcheries mainly because of its ease of application and reliable effectiveness. This technique has been studying intensively and implemented in pearl oyster P. maxima (Southgate and Beer, 1997) and various edible bivalves, such as American oyster Ostrea virginica (Soria et al., 2010) and brackish water bivalve Corbicula japonica (Baba et al., 1999). Reproductive physiology of O. virginica has been discovered more than decades ago, thus artificial reproductive control method has been set up very well (Galtsoff, 1938a; 1938b; 1940). Sudden change in water temperature from 20 to 32-35Â °C was found effectively stimulate spawning than long exposure to lower temperatures. In C. japonica, rising the temperature must be accompanied by salinity. Baba et al. (1999) demonstrated temperature 26Â °C with salinity 2.3-4.5 practical salinity unit (psu) give optimum yield. Moreover, addition of gamete suspension into the water is able to increase its fecundity. These three different factors may bring some complexity in terms of hatchery practice because optimization of those components is more likely indispensable. 2.2.2 Administration of microalgal food Immersing razor clams Siliqua patula in high density of phytoplankton is the only method so far that scientifically effective to induced spawning process. Breese and Robinson (1981) found 2-2.5 million cells ml-1 microalgae Pseudoisochrysis paradoxa stimulates razor clams to spawn. No published report that explains this phenomenon, so the exact mechanism does not understood well. It is maybe only a basic instinct of reproduction in nature when food present abundantly in environment. This method could be a good alternative instead of gamete stripping. The number of eggs released per clam as well as hatching rate was much higher compared to those obtain by stripping. In terms of aquaculture practicality, this technique is considerably easy and fairly inexpensive. 3. Conclusions There are numerous techniques to stimulate spawning process in bivalves. Basically, they are only mimicking natural process involved in natural reproduction cycle. No one of those techniques is more superior to another, therefore choosing the appropriate technique should be based on species cultured. Any cost associated, for instance chemicals and equipments, must be also taken into consideration.