Woolfs A Room of Ones Own and Wollstonecrafts A Vindications of the Rights of Woman Essays

Woolfs A Room of Ones Own and Wollstonecrafts A Vindications of the Rights of Woman Essays Woolfs A Room of Ones Own and Wollstonecrafts A Vindications of the Rights of Woman Paper Woolfs A Room of Ones Own and Wollstonecrafts A Vindications of the Rights of Woman Paper Article Topic: Writing The Heart Of a Woman Mary Wollstonecrafts A Vindication of the Rights of Woman was distributed in 1792, a time of radical change in the wake of the French Revolution, and one of the main instances of women's activist writing. Virginia Woolfs A Room of Ones Own, composed longer than a century later and distributed in 1929, showed up in the wake of a few women's activist developments, the Suffragettes of the earlier century and ladies being given indistinguishable democratic rights from men only a year prior to, an outcome from womens association in the First World War. The two writings are as an all-inclusive article, in the composed mode, with the reason to advise and convince. The crowd for the two writings is principally the higher classes, taught individuals with the cash to send their kids to tuition based schools, consequently the conversation of tutoring in both content extracts. A quick disparity is clear in the two writings; however both location an informed crowd, the degrees of convention vary. Woolf keeps a lower level of formaily with the peruser, utilizing antiquities, for example, oh dear and metaphor (in expressions, for example, I have evaded the obligation and bowed somewhere near the heaviness of the subject) for comedic impact, while Wollstonecrafts language contains phrases that would not be viewed as obsolescences at that point, for example, of a Sunday and angels, and in this way deficient with regards to the humourous tenor of Woolfs text, however utilizing a similar style of language. Prominently, the two writings utilize the utilization of an individual record to represent the writings content. The two records pass on the principles in regards to strolling on grass, and are somwhat comparative in style Wollstonecrafts convention disseminates to create a section much the same as Woolfs work, a wealth of the main individual pronoun I is found just as hyperbolic language (despot of this space to allude to a school ace and refering to the schoolyard as a jail yard), giving the short entry a practically conversational tone. Nonetheless, not at all like Woolfs work, this lower tenor is held for a section put outside the principle assortment of text, inferring a more elevated level of convention was anticipated from a book in Wollstonecrafts time, contradicted to Woolfs capacity to uninhibitedly compose with a low tenor all through the exposition. Linguistically, a conspicuous distinction between the writings is the utilization of accentuation in deciding sentence length. Wollstonecraft utilizes very nearly an over the top measure of accentuation, bringing about long sentences; In the best directed schools, nonetheless, where multitudes are not packed together, numerous negative behavior patterns must be procured; however, at basic schools, the body, heart, and comprehension, are similarly hindered, for guardians are frequently just in mission of the least expensive school, and the ace couldn't live, in the event that he didn't take an a lot more prominent number than he could oversee himself; nor will th e meager wage, took into account every kid, grant him to employ ushers adequate to aid the release of the mechanical piece of the business. The utilization of semi-colons to make verbose complex sentences are in direct differentiation to Woolfs every now and again shorter compound and complex sentences, regardless of utilizing various semi-colons; I need not state that what I am going to portray has no presence; Oxbridge is an innovation; so is Fernham; I is simply an advantageous term for someone who has no genuine being. Woolfs sentences, being shorter, stay more reasonable than Wollstonecrafts as often as possible prolix entries, mirror an adjustment in the standard of availability of writings, a twentieth Century crowd requesting brief data restricted to the eighteenth Century style of formal and complex language (to be sure, the Romantic verse development of Wollstonecrafts time required a conclusion to the bombastic and selective styles of composing supported by writers of the time). Woolf likewise utilizes language structure in the bringing down of her tenor, utilizing the second individual pronoun you to allude to the peruser straightforwardly, something the Wollstonecraft text decreases to do, also utilizing the unprejudiced first individual (One can just give ones crowd ) for a reserved, comedic impact. Despite the fact that the utilization of one might be normal in the ancient, increasingly formal content of Wollstonecraft, it is precluded. Rather, the two writings are comparable in their successive utilization of the main individual I. As the two writings plan to pass on the writers sees, this is not really amazing, however the recurrence wherein is shows up in Woolfs text exceeds Wollstonecrafts utilization again suggesting an adjustment in the normal custom of their separate times. Woolfs utilization of non-standard language structure (in opening sentences with a combination But anyway little it was ), runs ( a subject is profoundly disputable and any inquiry regarding sex is that one can't would like to come clean. ), to give a feeling of immediacy, and incidental comments all give A Room of Ones Own a practically conversational tone obvious considering it being founded on a progression of talks given by Woolf. Once more, this distinction in language mirrors the moving social patterns Wollstonecraft would have been not able to give addresses, or even permitted inside a college, and the language in Rights of Woman mirrors this; Wollstonecraft utilizes bracket or runs, thus the content needs Woolfs immediacy. An immediate case of progress in language is Wollstonecrafts a propensity. An is the more established type of the uncertain article (while in Woolfs text and the advanced both an and a future utilized relying upon elocution), beginning from the German ein, mirroring the adjustment in impact of different dialects on English from the eighteenth Century. As far as semantics, an intriguing similitude is the common use of a smenatic field of nature noth works as often as possible use terms, for example, creature spirits blooms of expectation and matured in Vindication, and Woolfs visit references and analogies, for example, contrasting of an idea with the kind of fish that a decent angler returns in the water and portraying the hedges and the bank of the waterway around her in distinctive detail. Be that as it may, their utilization varies; Wollstonecraft keeps the references short and expects to praise the passionate interests utilized in an influential book, while Woolf is profoundly abstract and utilizes talk in her portrayals, wealthy in modifiers, embodiment and latinate language; to one side and left shrubberies or some likeness thereof, goldren and dark red, shined with the shading, even it appeared to be copied with heat, of fire. On the further bank the willows sobbed in unending grievance, their hair about their shoulders. Woolfs consideration of the semantic field in her talk again proposes an increasingly loosened up mentality towards language in the twentieth Century contrasted with the eighteenth considering the momentous characteristic way of thinking and powerful parts of Wollstonecrafts comtemporaries verse (the Romantics, for example, Wordsworth, Keats and Shelley), it is not really amazing there is an absence of luxuriously designed language and embodiment in Rights of Woman; as an influential book, it would not have been paid attention to. Lexically, further contrasts show an adjustment in language. Wollstonecraft much of the time utilizes enthusiastic lexis, for example, he physical and moral indecencies that torment humanity, just as of the indecencies and indiscretions that corrupt and wreck ladies This proposes what impacts language has additionally changed. Wollstonecrafts references to underhandedness and indecencies and indiscretions recommend an otherworldly effect on language, not obvious thinking about the significance of the Bible in the eighteenth and nineteenth hundreds of years. The decay of this impact can be seen in Woolfs text, where no notice of good or otherworldly issues are made, rather recommending it is the thoughts, the partialities of individuals that are liable for the hindrences confronting ladies composing fiction. Different contrasts come in the graphology of the writings, Rights of Woman quite being printed with the long s (? ). The short structure came into utilization around 1800, as was the standard when A Room of Ones Own was distributed, and is illustrative of the perspectives towards simplicity of perusing, disarray with the letter f was normal, and again shows English moving ceaselessly from its Germanic roots, preferring the Antinqua Script as Germany proceeded with Blackletter styles (still obvious today in the German Eszett I ). At last, it is the setting of the two messages that decides the distinctions and language change. As societys perspectives towards both language and women's liberation loose, so did the language, and this is reflected in the difference in tenor between the two writings. Further relevant components incorporate training and womens rights Woolf, however not sent to class, got abstract instruction from her affluent guardians, and this elevated level of education and loosened up mentalities towards woman's rights appears in the rich language of A Room of Ones Own. While Wollstonecraft was composing it was as yet thought to be incomprehensible for a lady to act outside the standard (after Wollstonecrafts passing, her spouses relates of her relationships caused such an embarrassment her post mortem notoriety was left shredded), and as such Rights of Women is reliably written in a conventional tenor, staying away from language that would be considered innapropiate, (for example, Woolfs depiction of a Beadle as an inquisitive looking item), rather deciding to keep well inside societys standards.

The History of Juneteenth Celebrations

The History of Juneteenth Celebrations Abolitionists, for example, Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth worked vigorously to liberate blacks from subjugation in the United States. What's more, when President Abraham Lincoln marked the Emancipation Proclamation on Jan. 1, 1863, it created the impression that the impossible to miss foundation known as servitude had met its end. For some African Americans, life continued as before, be that as it may. That’s on the grounds that wild racial segregation kept them from living self-sufficient lives. All the more amazingly, some oppressed African Americans had no clue that President Lincoln had marked the Emancipation Proclamation, which ordered that they be liberated. In Texas, more than over two years went before slaves got their opportunity. The occasion known as Juneteenth Independence Day respects these slaves just as African-American legacy and the commitments blacks have made to the United States. History of Juneteenth Juneteenth marks the date of June 19, 1865, when Gen. Gordon Granger of the Union Army showed up in Galveston, Texas, to request that the slaves there be liberated. Texas was one of the last states where subjugation persevered. In spite of the fact that President Lincoln marked the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, African Americans stayed in subjugation in the Lone Star State. At the point when Gen. Granger showed up in Texas, he read General Order No. 3 to Galveston inhabitants: â€Å"The individuals of Texas are educated that, as per an announcement from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free. This includes a flat out equity of individual rights and privileges of property between previous bosses and slaves, and the association up until now existing between them turns into that among manager and recruited work. The freedmen are encouraged to remain discreetly at their current homes and work for wages.† Following Granger’s declaration, the in the past oppressed African Americans broke into festivity. Today that festival, said to be the most established dark American occasion, is known as Juneteenth. African Americans not just commended their opportunity, they practiced their new rights by purchasing land across Texas, specifically Emancipation Park in Houston, Booker T. Washington Park in Mexia and Emancipation Park in Austin. Over a wide span of time Juneteenth Celebrations The main enormous Juneteenth festivities commenced the year after Gen. Granger showed up in Galveston. Noteworthy Juneteenth festivities included strict administrations, readings of the Emancipation Proclamation, rousing speakers, stories from previous slaves and games and challenges, including rodeo occasions. Numerous African Americans observed Juneteenth similarly that Americans for the most part commend the Fourth of July. Today, Juneteenth festivities highlight comparative exercises. Starting at 2012, 40 states and the District of Columbia perceive the Juneteenth occasion. Since 1980, the territory of Texas has watched Juneteenth as an official occasion known as Emancipation Day. Contemporary festivals of Juneteenth in Texas and somewhere else incorporate motorcades and road fairs, moving, picnics and barbecues, family gatherings and authentic reenactments. Additionally, President Barack Obama brought up in his 2009 announcement of the occasion that Juneteenth â€Å"also fills in as a period for reflection and thankfulness, and an open door for some individuals to follow their family’s lineage.† While African Americans broadly observe Juneteenth today, the ubiquity of the occasion has faded during specific periods, for example, World War II. Special festivals of Juneteenth revived in 1950, however by the most recent long stretches of that decade and during the 1960s, Juneteenth festivities declined again. Juneteenth turned into a well known occasion again in an assortment of locales during the 1970s. In the mid 21st century, Juneteenth isn't just a very much commended occasion, there’s a push to have the nineteenth of June become a National Day of Recognition for bondage. Call for National Day of Recognition The Rev. Ronald V. Myers Sr., organizer and administrator of the National Juneteenth Holiday Campaign and the National Juneteenth Observance Foundation, has asked President Barack Obama to â€Å"issue a presidential decree to build up Juneteenth Independence Day as a National Day of Observance in America, like Flag Day or Patriot Day.† As a chosen official in Illinois, Barack Obama upheld enactment for his state to perceive Juneteenth, yet the president still can't seem to make a move that would make Juneteenth a National Day of Recognition. The truth will surface eventually if Juneteenth and the bondage of African Americans is ever recognized by the government in such an official limit.

Green Monsters

Green Monsters Giant celebrations in Boston/Cambridge last night for the Red Sox big comeback victory against the Yankees in the American League Championship Series. My friends and I had planned a West Wing season premiere party, but, really, as much as my friends and I love the the intrigue of the Bartlett White House, some historic things take precedent. Yesterday was also the deadline to schedule the early action interview. What should you do if you missed it? Well, obviously, you first need to know who your interviewer is. If you dont, you should call our office (617.253.3400) and we can tell you who that person is. Also, you need to contact that interviewer yourself. If you havent heard back from them, again, let us know. If youre applying for regular action, now is also a good time to schedule that interview. Id recommend having your interview before Thanksgiving (and Id advise Muslim students who are applying regular action to wait until after Eid, so you can have your interview on a full, nourished stomach). And for those of you who have completed your applications, you may want to consider doing the completely optional essay (really, it is completely optional): On a separate sheet, show us and/or tell us about something that you have created. This can be, for example, a design, a device, an object, an idea or concept, a piece of music or art. Dont fret too much about this; I wouldnt have had anything to write about back when I was applying, and it is the first time weve asked this question. Ill be interested to see how many people try to answer this, and what kinds of things they talk about. A week and a half to the early action deadline! Good luck finishing up Current music: Dr. Dre, The Chronic Not the same few colleges: The University of California at Santa Barbara. Yes, it is beautiful, but dont forget that two of this years Nobel Prize winners were from here.

The Affordable Care Act Of The United States - 1373 Words

Barack Obama was elected on November 4, 2008 to be the president of the United States. As he is the president, he implied many new suggestions in the United States, for example, the Affordable Care Act or The Patient Protection also known as Obamacare. The health care reform also known as The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act or simply Obamacare became one of the most ambitious projects in the history of the United States since the mid-1960’s.1 This is the first attempt to reform the U.S. Health Care system of the United States since the 1960s, when the President Johnson created public Medicare and Medicaid, to help pensioners and the poor. The current reform was attempted back in 1993, however, unsuccessfully by Clinton’s†¦show more content†¦The ever-increasing cost of Medicare and Medicaid is one of the reasons for the rushing United States budget deficit. Many people don’t realize what the Affordable Care Act is used for and what the purpose is for it, but it can either be a pro or a con. There different items that can help a person out if they choose Affordable Care Act and sometimes it can get really expensive if they choose to go with that. The Affordable Care Act offers people and their families many new benefits, rights, and protections on all new major medical plans. Ambulatory Patient Services is the most common form of health care, often called outpatient care. Most health insurances already cover this but it guarantees when a person has the Affordable Care Act. Other benefits of having the Affordable Care Act is it offers coverage on prescription drugs. Several people do not realize that when they are getting the Affordable Care Act or Obamacare, for example, if a person goes into the Emergency Room because of a serious accident the emergency visit is already covered if the person has the Affordable Care Act. Many plan s don t cover mental or behavioral health services, but Obamacare does and that’s why numerous amount of people decide to go with that.3 If people are injured or become ill, the Affordable Care Act can cover rehabilitation therapies to

Top 5 Ways You Can Protect Your Privacy On Web - 2339 Words

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Evaluation Of A Research Methodology - 9423 Words

Chapter 4. Research methodology This chapter describes the research methodology that was chosen and why it was the most suitable for the research propositions. This chapter also covers the data collection and analysis and discusses issues of validity and reliability. 4.1 Research Method Each proposition serves to focus the data collection, determine direction and scope of the study and together the propositions form the foundation for a conceptual structure/framework (Miles Huberman, 1994;.Stake,1995). Zikmund (2003) proposed the use of qualitative research methods when a deeper understanding of the issues is required. Given that the factors contributing to each of the three acquisitions were unique, a standard questionnaire or†¦show more content†¦4.3 Sample Size and Nature 4.3.1 Sampling Method The sample was selected using non-probability sampling techniques. These techniques are deemed to be appropriate when deciding to use qualitative data where the population is not known (Saunders Lewis, 2012). Purposive sampling and snowballing techniques were used. Purposive sampling techniques allowed the researcher to select companies acquired and individuals from the population that are best placed to understand the research problem and meet the research objectives (Saunders Lewis, 2012). The objective was to interview Presidents, CFO’s, Executive Directors, Integration Directors, Human Resources Directors, Stockbrokers and Consultant Advisors and other senior managers within the organisation who had a major role in a merger or acquisition, either as a Target or an Acquirer 4.3.2 Sample Size From

Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations System †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations System. Answer: Introduction Employee motivation is an important topic that every organization needs to look into. Employees are the driving force behind every successful organization. A motivated employee is more productive as compared to a non-motivated employee. Employee motivation is thus a very crucial factor that determines how successful an organization becomes. In this study, secondary data will be used for purposes of coming up with a proper conclusion on this topic. Secondary data will be obtained from journals, and other peer reviewed articles. Motivation is a useful fool tool in an organization and can be used effectively to help improve the performance of employees for purposes of increasing the business revenue (Holten and Brenner, 2015). This paper will look at some of the most important ways of motivating employees. There are various methods of employee motivation and this paper will look at some of the most successful methods given the dynamics that are in the current market. Maslows hierarchy o f needs as a framework is one of the most efficient frameworks for employee motivation that this paper will use. It is the best framework especially when dealing with people and not statistics. The modern-day business environment is dynamic, challenging and is full of competition. Employee motivation is vital and thus needs a lot of attention and sacrifice on the part of the entire management. Maslows hierarchy of needs is simple framework that can bring a lot of changes to an organization. It is also very understandable and thus can be used to motivate employees. This framework will be the main focus of this paper. This paper will look at various aspects of employee motivation. Some of the areas that this paper will dwell on include such factors that deal with the following areas in employee motivation: 1. The role of employee motivation in an organization, 2. employee motivation and the overall performance 3. The various ways of motivating employees 4. The impact of motivation to the employees 5. Retention of the employees through motivation 6. Sustainability in the market 7. Performance management 8. Determination of the perfect working environment. The evolution of the concept of employee motivation evolved through the identification of the needs of the organization to maintain a smoothly functioning workforce to the objectives of the businesses. The early concepts of motivation are based on the identification of the behavioral instincts that affects the functioning of the organizations based on the needs of the change in the market. Employees often have the tendency of adopting a specific speed of carrying out their responsibilities. The psychologists who wrote in the 19th centuries stated that the humans are programmed to behave in certain ways where appreciation and recognition plays a major role in keeping the people motivated. it is based on the understanding of the needs of the people that the smooth functioning of the organization can be endowed. on the other hand, the development of Maslows Hierarchy of needs has helped in identifying the different needs of the people working in the organization. This is the average spe ed, average effort and average creativity that is within the legal requirement. While there is nothing wrong with this, it is essential that employees go the extra mile. The only possible way to encourage employees to improve their performance above the standard requirements is to motivate them. The use of incentives can easily get a positive outcome. Employees love motivation. Human nature often requires some sort of inducement. Therefore, motivation acts as a perfect tool to increase business performance. The identification of the varied needs of the employees helps the management of the organization to keep the workforce motivated to their respective responsibilities. Maslows hierarchy of needs pyramid helps the management of the organizations to identify the different needs of the people working in the business and thereby adhere to the different requirements and issues for ensuring the smooth functioning of the employees towards the organizational objective. Motivation to the employees has helped the businesses in making their significant progress in the competitive markets. Motivation helps in breaking the monotony that often characterizes the operations of various organizations across the globe. One sure way of overcoming the challenge brought about by competition is to motivate employees appropriately and effectively. Employees are the most important assets of any organization. An organization that does not treat its employees well will quickly find itself out of business. It is important for organizations, therefore, to find out ways to motivate their employees. Most of the time, employers fail to realize the importance of motivating employees. Most often, some employers view employee motivation as an unnecessary extra cost to the business (Bolman and Deal, 2017, 14). What they fail to realize is that the benefit that can be realized from the performance of a motivated employee is of more value than the amount of investment they make in motivating employees. Goal setting theory can help in motivating employees. When employees set goals, then they can get motivated to work towards achieving those goals. Goal setting is essential for an organization. Employees make a vital component of the business. After customers, employees are the second most important stakeholders and the very reason why the business exists. Most often, they are the most forgotten part of the business. The difference between a successful company and a non-successful company depends on how the different organizations treat their employees. Every business needs to create an environment that can promote employees to perform even better (Thomas, 2015). According to Renz and Herman (2016), motivation does not only mean the issuance of money to employees. Motivation is more dynamic and broad. Employee motivation is affected by intellectual, emotional, social as well as biological factors. In this regard, such things as stress, competition, influences, as well as environmental factors all affect the performance of employees and subsequently affect the overall performance of the organization. Shafritz and Jang (2015) stated that reinforcement theory holds that Suggests that behavior is a function of its consequences. Organizations can find out ways by which it may help ensuring that it increases the probability of certain specific good behaviors to repeat. Employees can only repeat certain good behaviors if they are encouraged and motivated to do so. Good behaviors if repeated severally can help in the formation of an organizations culture.As such before an organization decides to give perks to employees, it should start by creating an enabling environment that does not stress employees during there working hours. This is the first step towards motivating employees and making the repeat certain good behaviors that are beneficial to an organization. Motivation simply means to stimulate people to continually commit to doing something (Renz and Herman, 2016). In this regard, the first instance of stimulating the people in order for them to commit to doing their duties is by creating an environment that allows employees to get the desire to do what they are supposed to do. Motivation has been seen to be effective in increasing the productivity of employees as well as the overall performance of the organization and most important of all the increase in revenue. The happiness of employees is considered to be one of the most vital forms of motivation. A happy person is more productive than one who is not happy. The same is true to one who is free. Freedom is part of the motivation. A happy employee is a productive employee and stands a better chance of increasing the company's revenue through his or her startling performance. In this regard, it is essential that organizations ensure that all employees are happy in their jobs. This can be achieved by eliminating any form of stigmatization, discrimination, and mistreatment of any kind. Bonding for employees is also essential in this regard to help foster a good relationship and understanding especially among employees (Shafritz and Jang, 2015). Employees need to be on good terms with one another. This is the first step towards ensuring that there is a conducive working environment for all employees. Employee motivation is essential in that it helps boost the energy, creativity, and commitment o f the employees in the performance of their duties. Finding the best method to motivate employees is essential and often concerns the management of various organizations whether the economy is expanding or shrinking (Harrison and Lock, 2017). Entrepreneurs need to ensure that employees, especially those of a smaller business are encouraged to perform their business with a lot of energy and enthusiasm. Given the fierce competition in the world market today coupled with the emergence of new businesses in the market, it is challenging for businesses to earn enough revenue lately. Zupic and ?ater (2015) stated that achievement motivation theory stress the fact that certain motivating factors include the need for power. This gives various motivation patterns and this explains that various levels of employee performance. It is important to note that all employees have various needs. These needs vary in degrees and thus set the difference that is always noted in the performance of individuals within an organization. Therefore, the best way to motivate employees would be through first identifying the various needs of the employees and addressing such needs at the different levels in which they exist. This would makes it easy to motivate employees. Maslows hierarchy of needs thus fits in here perfectly. While other people need self-actualization, others just need self-esteem. At the same t ime, there might be only those who are interested in their personal safety and job security. It is therefore important that these needs are addressed differently. This calls for creativity in order to beat the competition. To survive, a business needs to take very good care of two groups of people. These two groups of people include the customers and the employees. After customers, employees are the second most important stakeholders that any business needs to take care of (Phillips, Lee, Ghobadian, ORegan and James, 2015, 457). Employees need to be motivated once in a while. This is one of the most efficient ways by which a business can survive the competition in the market. There has been the debate as to whether how an employee feels towards his or her job can help motivate an employee. Modern theorists hold the view that the design of the job is more important to the employee as compared to the material rewards dished out to the employee. Back in the 1950s and even in the recent years, most the highly simplified jobs bring about a lower morale (Zupic and ?ater, 2015, 433). It does not inspire confidence and the employee ends up with poor performance out of frustration and low self-esteem. Therefore it is important that the job design is improved in order to give employees a sense of worth and significance within the business. All employees would like to know that they matter to the organization. Terminologies can change and they have always changed, however, the canons of motivation has often remained the same over the years. For nearly a half a century the criteria for employee motivation has not changed much. Employees also need to be empowered (Lazaroiu, G., 2015, 97). This will help give employees some level of respect, pride, and self-fulfillment. This is effective in helping employees own their idea. It can also promote creativity and makes it possible for employees to think outside the box (Khuong and Hoang, 2015, 210). Thinking outside the box has been essential in helping business develop. Different methods of motivation exist that can help improve employee motivation. Irrespective of all the methods that have ever been proposed, the best method depends on the type of employees and what each considered to be important. What an employee considered to be important is what will matter. There are some employees whom when given some authority and responsibility tend to be more motivated. There are those who like motivation in terms of financial rewards. There are some who like freedom. According to Wheelen, et al, (2017), one of the very demotivating things that an employee does not need is the frustration that comes about as a result of being held responsible for a situation that the employee in question has no resources to handle. Good employees need to be retained within the company and this can only be done with the help of an effective working environment. Among the factors of production in any particular company. Human resource is one of the most challenging factors to manage. It is also the largest and most dynamic. When handled properly, long-term productivity can be achieved. According to Appelbaum, et al,(2015, 79), one of the best assets that an organization can have is a well-motivated employee. Conclusion Therefore, the success of an organization depends on how well the employees of an organization are motivated. In this regard, the role of any manager is to ensure that the desire of employees is aroused to continually commit to their work. Motivation ensures that employees feel happy, satisfied and free. An organization that effectively creates the highest level of enthusiasm amongst its employees to execute their duties to the best of their abilities stands to benefit more. Motivation is the key to improved business performance, nevertheless, the question is, what motivates? There are different ways by which motivation can be achieved. There is an endless mix of what an organization can do in order to motivate its employees. Such things as life insurance, profit sharing, health care, exercise facilities, flexible working hours among others are just some of the essential methods that an organization can use to ensure that its employees are motivated. To employees who have very young kids who have not started going to school, such things as availability of health care can work wonders in helping motivate employees, subsidized meals plans are also essential in motivating employees. Employee appreciates if they can spend less on their meals. Motivation helps in enhancing the functional strategies of the business and thereby brings in innovation through the engagement of the employees in the processes. On the other hand, the different aspects of the rewards and the recognition programs also affect the smooth functioning of the business in the market situations. the identification of the needs of the employees helps the business in understanding the change in the processes that are required to be taken by the same. Maslows Hierarchy of needs helps organizations in bringing forth changes in the functioning and the identification based on the identification of the needs of the employees. Bibliography Appelbaum, S.H., Degbe, M.C., MacDonald, O. and Nguyen-Quang, T.S., 2015. Organizational outcomes of leadership style and resistance to change (Part One).Industrial and Commercial Training,47(2), pp.73-80. Bolman, L.G., and Deal, T.E., 2017. Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley Sons. Harrison, F. and Lock, D., 2017.Advanced project management: a structured approach. Routledge. Holten, A.L., and Brenner, S.O., 2015. Leadership style and the process of organizational change. Leadership Organization Development Journal,36(1), pp.2-16. Khuong, M.N., and Hoang, D.T., 2015. The effects of leadership styles on employee motivation in auditing companies in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. International Journal of Trade, Economics, and Finance,6(4), p.210. Lazaroiu, G., 2015. Employee motivation and job performance.Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations,14, p.97. Phillips, W., Lee, H., Ghobadian, A., ORegan, N. and James, P., 2015. Social innovation and social entrepreneurship: A systematic review.Group Organization Management,40(3), pp.428-461. Renz, D.O., and Herman R.D. eds., 2016. The Jossey-Bass handbook of nonprofit leadership and management. John Wiley Sons. Shafritz, J.M., Ott, J.S. and Jang, Y.S., 2015.Classics of organization theory. Cengage Learning. Thomas, T., 2015.Management and leadership for nurse administrators. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Wheelen, T.L., Hunger, J.D., Hoffman, A.N. and Bamford, C.E., 2017.Strategic management and business policy. Person. Zupic, I. and ?ater, T., 2015. Bibliometric methods in management and organization.Organizational Research Methods,18(3), pp.429-472.

The Molecular Basis Of Cystic Fibrosis Essay Example For Students

The Molecular Basis Of Cystic Fibrosis Essay Biology, Period 8Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disease that is simple recessive. Thismeans that a child must have two abnormal copies of the gene, one from themother and one from the father, to have cystic fibrosis. If both parentscarry one abnormal copy of the gene, each child has a twenty-five percentchance of inheriting the disease. About thirty thousand children andadults have the disease, and one in every thirty-one Americans carries theabnormal gene. In the nineteen fifties, children with cystic fibrosis diedin their early childhood, but today they are expected to live to theirthirties due to medical treatment. Cystic fibrosis is a chronic, progressive condition that affects thedigestive and respiratory systems. The gene defect causes the body toproduce abnormally thick mucus. The mucus clogs the lungs and leads tolung and sinus infections and difficulty breathing. The thick mucus alsoobstructs the ducts of the pancreas, which prevents digestive enzymes fromreaching the intestines. Those with cystic fibrosis are unable to absorbmuch of the nutrients from food, so they have poor weight gain. Cysticfibrosis also makes the body produce a high amount of sodium and chloridein the sweat. This gives a very salty taste to the skin. The disease alsocauses reduced oxygen in the blood. People with cystic fibrosis can have abarrel shaped chest due to difficulty breathing. We will write a custom essay on The Molecular Basis Of Cystic Fibrosis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now People can find out if they have cystic fibrosis by taking a sweattest. It is a simple and painless process that measures the amount of saltin the sweat. High amounts of salt in the sweat could mean that person hascystic fibrosis. Patients can treat cystic fibrosis by cleaning mucus fromthe lungs everyday. Chest physical therapy is used to dislodge mucus fromthe lungs. There are also many drugs available to treat lung infection. There is even a drug that can thin out the mucus produced in the lungs. Much research has been done to improve the lives of people withcystic fibrosis. Especially after scientists discovered the cysticfibrosis gene in 1989. Gene therapy, using normal genes to replacedefective ones, has been the main focus of research. Trials have shownthat the normal gene can be transferred into the cystic fibrosis airways,but not efficiently enough to be used. Some ways to insert genes that arestill being tested are nasal drops, and compressing the DNA and hoping thatit will enter the nucleus of cells. Progress in gene therapy is stillcontinuing, but scientists are using their knowledge to develop othertreatments. The main goal of the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation is to find a cure forthe disease. They perform clinical trials to test out new treatments. They also have research programs in top universities to increase awarenessof cystic fibrosis. Duchenne Muscular dystrophy is a sex-linked disorder. It only occursin males, and symptoms are not seen until the boy is about ten years old. There is no way to detect Duchenne muscular dystrophy before birth. Thesymptoms of this disease include muscle weakening, especially in the limbs,and heart problems. It can be treated by physical therapy to reduce muscletightening. Also, the boy may be put in a wheel chair if he cannot use hislegs, and there are many support groups for children with musculardystrophy. The main goal of the Muscular dystrophy association is toresearch to find a cure, especially because it is a fatal disease.

Overview of the Book Stigma by Erving Goffman

Overview of the Book Stigma by Erving Goffman Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity is a book written by sociologist  Erving Goffman in 1963 about the idea of stigma and what it is like to be a stigmatized person. It is a look into the world of people considered abnormal by society. Stigmatized people are those that do not have full social acceptance and are constantly striving to adjust their social identities: physically deformed people, mental patients, drug addicts, prostitutes, etc. Goffman relies extensively on autobiographies and case studies to analyze stigmatized persons’ feelings about themselves and their relationships to â€Å"normal† people. He looks at the variety of strategies that stigmatized individuals use to deal with the rejection of others and the complex images of themselves that they project to others. Three Types of Stigma In the first chapter of the book, Goffman identifies three types of stigma: stigma of character traits, physical stigma, and stigma of group identity. Stigma of character traits are: â€Å"...blemishes of individual character perceived as weak will, domineering, or unnatural passions, treacherous and rigid beliefs, and dishonesty, these being inferred from a known record of, for example, mental disorder, imprisonment, addiction, alcoholism, homosexuality, unemployment, suicidal attempts, and radical political behavior.† Physical stigma refers to physical deformities of the body, while stigma of group identity is a stigma that comes from being of a particular race, nation, religion, etc. These stigmas are transmitted through lineages and contaminate all members of a family. What all of these types of stigma have in common is that they each have the same sociological features: â€Å"...an individual who might have been received easily in normal social intercourse possesses a trait that can obtrude itself upon attention and turn those of us whom he meets away from him, breaking the claim that his other attributes have on us.† When Goffman refers to â€Å"us,† he is referring to the non-stigmatized, which he calls the â€Å"normals.† Stigma Responses Goffman discusses a number of responses that stigmatized people can take. For example, they could undergo plastic surgery, however, they still risk being exposed as someone who was formerly stigmatized. They can also make special efforts to compensate for their stigma, such as drawing attention to another area of the body or to an impressive skill. They can also use their stigma as an excuse for their lack of success, they can see it as a learning experience, or they can use it to criticize â€Å"normals.† Hiding, however, can lead to further isolation, depression, and anxiety and when they do go out in public, they can, in turn, feel more self-conscious and afraid to display anger or other negative emotions. Stigmatized individuals can also turn to other stigmatized people or sympathetic others for support and coping. They can form or join self-help groups, clubs, national associations, or other groups to feel a sense of belonging. They might also produce their own conferences or magazines to raise their morale. Stigma Symbols In chapter two of the book,  Goffman discusses the role of â€Å"stigma symbols.† Symbols are a part of information control; they are used to understand others. For example, a wedding ring is a symbol that shows others that someone is married. Stigma symbols are similar. Skin color is a stigma symbol, as is a hearing aid, cane, shaved head, or wheelchair. Stigmatized people often use symbols as â€Å"disidentifiers† in order to try to pass as a â€Å"normal.† For instance, if an illiterate person is wearing ‘intellectual’ glasses, they might be trying to pass as a literate person; or, a homosexual person who tells ‘queer jokes’ might be trying to pass as a heterosexual person. These covering attempts, however, can also be problematic. If a stigmatized person tries to cover their stigma or pass as a â€Å"normal,† they have to avoid close relationships, and passing can often lead to self-contempt. They also need to constantly be alert and always checking their houses or bodies for signs of stigmatization. Rules for Handling Normals In chapter three of this book, Goffman discusses the rules that stigmatized people follow when handling â€Å"normals.† One must assume that â€Å"normals† are ignorant rather than malicious.No response is needed to snubs or insults, and the stigmatized should either ignore or patiently refute the offense and views behind it.The stigmatized should try to help reduce the tension by breaking the ice and using humor or even self-mockery.The stigmatized should treat â€Å"normals† as if they are honorary wise.The stigmatized should follow disclosure etiquette by using disability as a topic for serious conversation, for example.The stigmatized should use tactful pauses during conversations to allow recovery from shock over something that was said.The stigmatized should allow intrusive questions and agree to be helped.The stigmatized should see oneself as â€Å"normal† in order to put â€Å"normals† at easy. Deviance In the final two chapters of the book, Goffman discusses the underlying social functions of stigmatization, such as social control,  as well as the implications that stigma has for theories of deviance. For instance, stigma and deviance can be functional and acceptable in society if it is within limits and boundaries.

Mid-term Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mid-term - Assignment Example speed, he uses his mind to trick the tiger with a glass ball, which the tiger after seeing its image on the mirror believes it is the cub and even cuddles it, allowing the hunter to escape with the real cub (White 7). a. Portals with subtle and twisted columns that seem to be strained by the weight. The portals have been criticized that they might give in to the heavy weight that they support though they have stood the test of time. The Donation of Constantine is the interpretation of the Holy Trinity. The holy trinity refers to three God in one, described as the father, the son and the Holy Spirit. It was important in the Middle Ages since it helped to explain the development of the Roman faith. It explains the shift from the period of worshipping idols to the realization of the modern faith. Sylvester, the universal pontiff, has helped in spreading the modern gospel. Sylvester changed the perception that the author had about the gods Peter and Paul, and told them that they were apostles (Halsall 1). The theme of this passage is love. It clearly brings out the various aspects of two people who love and treasure each other. The lady confesses that his only fear is losing him. The man who is the king treats the beautiful creature like a marvel of nature which he had never seen before. He orders that the creature should be fed well and given drink. Every other man admires the beautiful creature who is depicted by the king as a very special one. The theme of love is cemented by the statement that the couple would always visit places together, and none of them would allow to be separated from the other. The passage relates to the course in that it contributes to the effectiveness of use of figurative language, commonly used during the medieval period. The passage was written by Marie de France and translated by Judith P. Shoaf in 1996 (France, para 12). The theme of the text is religion. It describes the faith and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. The

BUSINESS ECONOMICS COURSEWORK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

BUSINESS ECONOMICS COURSEWORK - Essay Example In this labor contract, wages and benefits are specified. However, Bhagat is free to choose the quantity of labor it employs. Bhagat has announced a $3 price increase for its machine parts. This figure represents the projected $3 increase in labor costs due to its new union contract. It is Gina’s responsibility to evaluate this announcement. Many firms use cost-plus pricing for supply contracts as the changes in cost-plus contracts are more likely to become a responsibility of the purchaser of the product. Thus, fluctuations and volatility of labor costs, price for fuel and other resources are the risks of the purchaser of the product rather than supplier/manufacturer. Cost-plus pricing mitigates the risks of the supplier/manufacturer of the product and therefore, makes him feel more relaxed and less motivated to reduce costs associated with production of the product. Purchaser of the product has to pay for these costs, which incurs increase of the price of the product sold and therefore either decreases his mark up or weakens his competitive position on the market. Personal video recorders (PVRs) are digital video recorders used to record and replay television programs received from cable, satellite, or local broadcasts. But unlike VCRs, which they replace, PVRs offer many more functions, notably the ability to record up to 80 hours of programs and easy programming. A PVR consists of an internal hard disk and micro processor. After the owner installs the hardware, the PVR downloads all upcoming TV schedules to the hardware via a phone or cable connection. Users merely enter the name of the show(s) they want recorded and the system finds the time and channel of the show and automatically records it. Users must subscribe to a cable or satellite system if they wish to record programs off these channels. Besides ease of programming and much larger recording capacity than video tape,

Strategic alliances to gain global integration

Strategic alliances to gain global integration Introduction Multinational companies (MNCs) are defined as a firms with strong tangible and intangible assets, thus the capability to expand their business worldwide, with global diffusion as an important resource for competitive advantage (Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1998). In the stage of going global, most companies have to deal with the pressures of both global integration and/or local responsiveness, and some choose to form a strategic alliance with a partner to achieve global integration and/or local responsiveness more easily. Global integration and Local responsiveness Global Integration Global integration pressures are the forces that make MNCs exploit worldwide resources and integrate their activities on a global basis to realize economies of scale and achieve cost reduction. Bartlett and Ghoshal (1998) summarize that the motivation of Global Integration is the need of efficiency. More specifically, the developments of advanced technologies allow companies to expand manufacture globally and achieve economies of scale, resulting in the more standardized products. Moreover, the tastes of consumers have become homogeneous worldwide. Besides, MNCs tend to have global chess strategy, using the profit generated in one market to fund operations in another. Local Responsiveness In contrast, local responsiveness requires MNCs to make strategic decisions based on local context (Roth and Morrison, 1990). According to Bartlett and Ghoshal (1998) the drivers for local responsiveness are (i) the differences in consumer tastes in different countries; (ii) the typical characteristics of the product system in host countries; (iii) the administrative costs of coordinating manufacture on a global basis; (iv) the improvements in technologies enable companies to disperse manufacture to smaller local plants with low cost; (v) the trade and legislative barriers set by local Governments. Similarly, Hill (2001) discusses that the main pressures for local responsiveness are the differences in consumer tastes and preferences; differences in infrastructure and traditional practices; in distribution channels; and host government demands. Such pressures for local responsiveness urge multinational firms to adjust their products and services to better meet the demand of indigenous people. The Integration Responsiveness Framework The I-R framework, which is initially rationalized by Lawrence and Lorsch (1967) and later developed by Doz (1980), provides an insight into how MNCs compete internationally (Johnson and Julius, 1995). Bartlett and Ghoshal (1998), Spender and Grevesen (1999) mention the I-R framework to explain different ways MNCs respond to global integration and local responsiveness based on their strategy. As in Figure 1 below, MNCs pursuing a global strategy often emphasize on global integration and coordination. In contrast, multidomestic companies (called as multinational companies in Bartlett and Ghoshal model), with most pressures coming from customizing operation towards local context, focus on local responsiveness. International companies have an emphasis in knowledge transfer, because most of value they create is from transferring valuable resources to foreign markets. For transnational companies, facing equal pressures from both integration and responsiveness, they adopt a multifocal stra tegy aiming to achieve both cost efficiency and responsiveness. However the study of Bartlett and Ghoshal (1998) was restrained at internal organizational issues. Figure 1: How MNCs respond to Global integration, Local responsiveness and Worldwide learning based on their strategy (Bartlett and Goshal, 1998) Strategic Alliances There have been several researches on strategic alliances. Holmberg and Cummings (2009) contend that strategic alliances are becoming more and more important to every company in its strategic effort to maintain competitive advantages in the global marketplace. Strategic alliances are links between two or more companies to mutually carry out a specific project by coordinating necessary resources while still preserving their autonomy (Dussauge and Garette, 1999). Wheelen and Hunger (2000, p. 125) define a strategic alliance as a partnership between two or more companies to achieve strategically important targets that are mutually beneficial. According to Elmuti and Kathawala (2001), there are four main motivations for forming strategic alliances: (i) the growth strategies of parent companies to enter to a new market; (ii) the procurement of new technology or best quality or cheapest cost; (iii) the mitigation of financial risks; and (iv) the maintenance of competitive advantage for enterprises. Nowadays in a dynamic global environment, the role of strategic alliances is even more critical to the performance of a multinational company. Robson and Dunk (1999) have generalized the three main stages to develop an alliance including: Partner selection, Venture design and Venture management. The three key stages defined are similar to those by Hill (2001). Some typical features of strategic alliances are that their operations are subject to multiple decision making, continuous bargaining and conflicts of interests (Dussauge and Garette, 1999). Therefore it is not easy to successfully manage an alliance. Bleeke and Ernst (1993) find that among 49 alliances in their research, about 67% confront troubles within the first two years. Holmberg and Cummings (2009) give examples of failed strategic alliances, mostly due to lack of rigorousness in partner selection process. It is important to know if the way alliances can create value for the firm is appropriate to the parent firms strategy. So the first thing MNCs managers should consider from partner selection stage is to identify and verify that the way strategic alliances help to expand business is in line with the overall international operation strategy of parent firms. In this paper, the ways strategic alliances help multinational companies to achieve global integration and/or local responsiveness will be examined to assess their importance to the partner companies in relation to the partner companies strategy. Evaluating the ways strategic alliances allow multinational companies to achieve Global integration and Local responsiveness. There have been approaches to classify the ways that a strategic alliance cooperates to expand the business of parent companies. For example, Todeva and Knoke (2005) have listed 18 typical ways that strategic alliances can support multinational companies. This paper will approach the classification of Dussauge and Bernard (1999) because the systematized typology helps to provide a more comprehensive understanding on how strategic alliances allow MNCs to achieve integration and responsiveness. Alliances between non-competing companies International expansion joint ventures International expansion joint ventures (JVs) are established with a foreign partner aiming to penetrate into a new geographic market. One partner (the MNC) often seeks for market penetration, while the other (the local partner) has wide knowledge on local market thus can provide more easy market access. For example, in 1998, Yamaha Motor, the premier Japanese motorcycle manufacturer, together with Vietnam Forest Corporation, a state-owned corporation in forestry and Hong Leong Industries from Malaysia established a joint venture named Yamaha Motor Vietnam Ltd., providing motor cycles in Vietnam market (Yamaha Motor). The state-owned corporation has understanding about the market as well as necessary relations to the authority, combined with the expertise in manufacturing of Yamaha Motor, created a viable basis for the JV to thrive in Vietnam. This model is beneficial for both local government and the foreign MNC. For local government, equity sharing in JVs makes the MNCs more responsible and interested in the success of the JV. For the MNC, the local partner may provide the privilege access and political connections supporting effective market penetration. However this type of JV may result in the conflicts of benefits between the MNC and local partner. In many cases the JV is only one part of the total network of the MNC, so the MNC may have detrimental decision to the JVs performance. International expansion JV is rarely the first choice of MNCs managers since they prefer wholly owned subsidiary. However it is still common practice for MNCs when shifting business beyond borders (Dussauge and Bernard, 1999). International expansion JVs are common for MNCs facing great local responsiveness pressure (i.e. multidomestic and transnational companies), because it seeks solutions to overcome the legislative barrier and complexities of local market. In other words, it helps the MNCs to tailor their operation to fit local context. Vertical partnerships Vertical partnerships bring about cooperation opportunities for two companies at different successive stages of the production process. Normally, one partner may become a supplier or customer of the other. For example, Heinz, a global US food company is the supplier of many food products for ASDA in UK. That enables ASDA to fully deploy the resources of Heinz. However there are also shortcomings in this model. Since there is no bidding process, the opportunities to find the most cost-effective supplier are limited. As a result, the buyer tends to become dependent on the supplier. Although this model delivers mutual understanding, there are still potential conflicts of benefits (Dussauge and Bernard, 1999). Vertical partnerships relate to a strategic issue that MNC managers often deal with to increase efficiency: make or buy, or cooperate decision. MNCs choose to outsource when the cost to produce by their own is higher than the cost to outsource to a strategic partner. Consequently vertical partnerships are often exploited by MNCs facing high pressures from cost reduction (global and transnational companies). That model may help the MNC to maximize economies of scale and achieve global integration. Cross-industry agreements Cross-industry agreements are cooperation between two companies in different industries with a view to create a brand new business to diversify their operation, by taking advantage of the partners resources. For example, in 2001, Sony Corporation a Japanese electric equipment producer, and Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson a provider of telecommunication equipment and services from Sweden established a 50:50 joint venture, Sony Ericsson. The JV has become a world-class mobile-phone manufacturer (Sony Ericsson). Nonetheless the drawback of cross-industry agreements is that they often post small profit margin, because most of the cases, the level of convergence of the two initial businesses is more moderate than expected. Besides, this model requires a high level of compatibility of the resources contributed by the two parties; and the new business developed must have a clear marketing strategy to become successful. Lastly, successful alliances can impose threats of new competitors if one ally obtains key skills/resources of the other (Dussauge and Bernard, 1999). Based on above characteristics, it can be inferred that cross-industry agreements support MNC to achieve global integration while looking for combining abroad complementary resources to reduce cost of the new business. It is also discussed that cross-industry agreements help to achieve local responsiveness, in case a MNC cooperates with a local company to introduce a brand new products to that specific local market. Alliances between competitors Shared-supply alliances Shared-supply alliances are the form of JV cooperation between competitors sharing similar resources to produce a certain product that is specific to each partner. Shared-supply alliances allow the partners to realize economies of scale, since they will not be able to reach an efficient scale if they produce individually. For example, BMW teamed up with Mercedes to produce a design of a front-wheel-drive-car. The new shared platform allowed BMW to expand the Mini range model more flexibly, while providing Mercedes more conventional and cost-effective measures to launch a substitution for the A- and B-class designs (Autocar, 2007). It is argued that shared-supply alliance is not the only choice for MNC managers, because the target of cost reduction can be solved by traditional method of outsourcing. Firms should only opt for shared-supply alliances once they have other strategic targets other than cost reduction. Moreover, cooperating with competitors to produce similar components may lead undifferentiated products and loosing competitive advantage. Besides, the budget for shared-supply alliances may limit other budgets for necessary activities in the MNCs thus hinder further improvements (Dussauge and Bernard, 1999). Shared-supply alliances can be suitable for MNCs suffering from cost pressure (global and transnational companies). However MNCs should consider carefully before establishing shared-supply alliances because of the potential conflicts. MNCs should consider other strategic benefits other than sole cost efficiency, e.g. exploiting the partners manufacturing experience in local countries. Consequently this model, in case prudently chosen after considering all pros and cons, may be a good choice for transnational companies who have to balance integration and responsiveness. Quasi-concentration alliances This type of alliance allows two competitors to manufacture and market a common product. The partners objective is to realize economies of scale on the product, while their autonomy is still preserved, since the risk of acquisition is avoided. Quasi-concentration alliance is most common in airline industry, e.g. the cooperation between Sud-Aviation in France and British Aircraft Corporation in the UK to form Concorde in 1962 (Heritage Concorde). The advantage of this model is that the partners will not have to compete against each other on that common product. However, Quasi-concentration model may result in the competition between the common product and partner companies products. Additionally, the model may cause the risks of leaking the core technologies to the competitors. Lastly, in case the partners decide to establish a JV to coordinate all the functions of the alliance, there is a risk of losing control over the JV and converting the parent companies in to mere shareholders (Dussauge and Bernard, 1999). Quasi-concentration alliances, with its initial objective of cost reduction, are appropriate for achieving global integration, hence global and/or multinational companies. Complementary alliances In this case the alliance allows partner companies to contribute different assets and resources to executing the cooperative project. For example a firm distributes a rivals product in domestic market. FPT, one of the largest information technology companies in Vietnam went into partnership with Dell to distribute Dells computers and other products in Vietnam market (FPT, 2008). FPT looks for Dells expertise in computer production, while Dell needs FPTs knowledge on local market and distribution network. The advantage of the model is that complementary alliances avoid direct competition between rivals. The alliance also brings about the opportunity to acquire new skills from the partner. However the potential competition between allies does not totally disappear (Dussauge and Bernard, 1999). Complementary alliances may help the partner to achieve local responsiveness because normally the local partner provides the knowledge on how to market the product in local marketplace. However in highly competitive industries, such alliances enable the MNC to focus in its core profession, rather than setting budget for establishing a local distribution network. From that perspective, complementary alliances are also good for global integration. Implications for MNCs For MNCs pursuing a global strategy, the partners in the alliance tend to be highly integrated to the network and operation of the MNCs. The partners are meant to conduct the chosen global strategy of the MNCs (Vapola et al., 2010). From the analysis above it can be inferred that global companies may deploy vertical partnership and quasi-concentration alliances. Multidomestic companies often prefer to have diversified partners, of which each of them is best suited to a particular function in a specific location. In an effort to customize their products towards local demands, multidomestic companies often differentiate their operations in each footprint countries by selecting the most compatible model and partner to form alliance in that nation. Therefore international expansion JVs and complementary alliances are most suitable models for a multidomestic partner. For transnational companies, the alliances are diversified with differentiated contributions, from sensing and exploiting opportunities from local level, to occupying certain roles in the exploitation of the value chain. Each of these partners may possess different partnership needs. So MNC should utilize different types of alliances simultaneously after considering all advantages and disadvantages (Vapola et al., 2010). In the case of international companies, the key issue is knowledge transfer with partners. The MNCs will success if they can transfer their key competencies and knowledge to foreign markets, especially tacit knowledge which is more difficult to codify and transfer than explicit knowledge. On the other hand, this may lead to a conflict with the need for confidentiality of information. Therefore based on their detailed strategy, international companies can consider any suitable type of alliance, but should be extremely prudent with cross-industry agreements and quasi-concentration alliance, since those types of alliances may lead to serious conflicts in knowledge transfer. Another content common to all types of alliances, is the control problem. Control is a critical issue especially in groups of alliances between competitors, since these groups of partner are more sensitive to conflict. In order to successfully manage an alliance, MNCs should focus on control, combining effectively all level of control from personal centralised control, bureaucratic formalised control, output control, to control by socialisation. Those measures are to assure the alliance operates in line with the MNCs original strategy. The cost of control may be high especially for transnational companies who have to deal with all kinds of alliances to achieve both integration and responsiveness. So transnational companies should be prudent in applying control policy with alliance, to avoid the risk that an increase in cost of control could erode profit. Conclusion There is a trend that MNCs are facing increasing pressures from both global integration and local responsiveness equally. No MNC pursuing pure integration or pure responsiveness strategy can become totally successful in the global arena. As a result, achieving the balance between global efficiency and local responsiveness has become an essential issue with most MNCs (Paik and Sohn, 2004), (Girod et al., 2010). Bartlett and Ghoshal (1998) assert that companies must become more globally competitive and, at the same time, more sensitive and responsive to national conditions. MNCs should flexibly choose the way to cooperate with strategic alliance on a case-by-case basis to achieve their specific target for a specific market. From the analysis above we can see that each way of cooperation in alliance has its own advantages and disadvantages. There is neither best model of strategic alliance nor idealistic coordination that leads to optimal performance for all MNCs. Each MNC, based on its own strategy, needs to consider all pros and cons of possible types of strategic alliance before making alliance decision, in order to achieve global integration and/or local responsiveness hence their business plan and strategy. In other words, companies should be clear about why they are entering the alliance and what they expect to gain from it. They also need to understand how it fits into their business plan. (Elmuti and Kathawala, 2001). BIBLIOGRAPHY Autocar (2007) BMW and Mercedes team up to think small. [online] Available at: [Accessed 25th March 2011] Bartlett, C. A. Ghoshal, S. (1998) Managing across borders the transnational solution. 2nd ed. Boston: Havard Business School Press. Bleeke, J. Ernst, D. (1993) Collaborating to compete using strategic alliances and acquisitions in the global marketplace. New York: John Wiley. Doz, Y. L. (1980) Strategic management in multinational companies. Sloan Management Review (pre-1986),21, (2) pp. 27 46. Dussauge, P. Garrette, B. (1999) Cooperative strategy Competing successfully through strategic alliances. Chichester: John Wiley. Elmuti, D., Kathawala, Y. (2001) An overview of strategic alliances. Management Decision, 39, (3) pp. 205 218. FPT (2008) FPT Distribution Dells authorized reseller in Vietnam [online] Available at: [Accessed 25th March 2011] Girod, S., Bellin, J. B. Ranjan, K. S. (2010) Operating models for a multipolar world: balancing global integration and local responsiveness. Journal of Business Strategy, 31, (6) pp. 22 27. Harzing, A. W. (2000) An empirical analysis and extension of the Bartlett and Ghoshal typology of multinational companies. Journal of International Business Studies, 31, (1) pp. 101 120. Heritage Concorde. 1962 Concorde Treaty. Anglo French Agreement. [online] Available at: [Accessed 25th March 2011] Hill, C. W. L. (2001) International Business Competing in the global marketplace. 3rd ed. New York: Irwin McGraw-Hill. Holmberg, S. R. Cummings, J. L. (2009) Building Successful Strategic Alliances: Strategic Process and Analytical Tool for Selecting Partner Industries and Firms. Long Range Planning, 42, (2) pp. 164 193. Johnson, Jr. Julius, H. (1995) An Empirical Analysis of the Integration-Responsiveness Framework: U.S. Construction Equipment Industry Firms in Global Competition. Journal of International Business Studies, 26, (3) pp. 621 635. Lawrence, P. R. Lorsch, J. W. (1967) Organization and environment: managing differentiation and integration. Boston: Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University. Paik, Y. Sohn, J. H. D. (2004) Striking a balance between global integration and local responsiveness: the case of Toshiba Corporation in redefining regional headquarters role. Organizational Analysis; 12, (4) pp. 347 359. Robson, M. J. Dunk, M. A. J. (1999). Developing a pan-European co-marketing alliance: the case of BP-Mobil. International Marketing Review, 16, (3) pp. 216 230. Roth, K. Morrison, A. J. (1990) An empirical analysis of the integration-responsiveness framework in global industries. Journal of International Business Studies, 21, (4) pp. 541 564. Sony Ericsson. Mission and Profile. [online] Available at: [Accessed 25th March 2011] Spender, J. C. Grevesen, W. (1999) The multinational enterprise as a loosely coupled system: the global integration local responsiveness dilemma. Managerial Finance, 25, (2) pp. 63 84. Todeva, E., Knoke, D. (2005) Strategic alliances and models of collaboration. Management Decision, 43, (1), pp. 123 148. Vapola, T. J., Paukku, M. Gabrielsson, M. (2010) Portfolio management of strategic alliances: An international business perspective. International Business Review, 19, (3) pp. 247 260. Wheelen, T. L., Hunger, J. D. (2000) Strategic management and business policy: entering 21st century global society. 7th ed. London: Prentice Hall. Yamaha Motor Japan. Asia and Oceania group companies [online] Available at: [Accessed 25th March 2011] PART 2: REFLECTION Word count: 1,431 words Description The International Business Strategy module is contained in the MSc Accounting (Financial services) course which I am attending. The module provides an insight into the strategies of multinational companies (MNC) i.e. international strategy, global strategy, multidomestic strategy and transnational strategy. Based on that basic knowledge, implications for organizational structure, control, knowledge transfer, modes of entry, strategic alliances and internationalization of SMEs are introduced. General evaluation The module has provided me knowledge that is both old and new to me. From undergraduate program in my home country I have studied about globalization, key drivers and how globalization affects international trade. However in this module I found more insights into how globalization affects the formation and development of multinational companies. The theories are really necessary and helpful to understand the real business world, and the way multinational companies are actually formed, structured, managed and developed. The knowledge on globalization and MNCs are systematized and in line with current academic and empirical understanding about international business. However, I believe the knowledge would be absorbed more quickly if more methods of studying are combined, for example group presentations or debates. Analysis I chose to write my assignment with topic 1: Evaluate the ways strategic alliances allow multinational company to achieve global integration and local responsiveness, since I realize this is the increasing trend in international cooperation. I have found a lot of academic literature on the field that I chose. There are a lot of useful information about strategies, Integration Responsiveness framework and strategic alliances. Among those academic literatures, I found the book by Hill (2001) International business Competing on the global marketplace very useful for understanding about the strategy typology of multinational companies. Although prior to Hill (2001) there have been several relevant researches on multinational companies strategy typology, the book still provides comprehensive and detailed description about the four type of strategies adopted by multinational companies, the stages to establish a strategic alliance, and the pros and cons of each strategy. I continued to read about Integration Responsiveness Framework and found the work of Roth and Morrison (1990) helpful to understand about the key concepts of I R Framework, the relationships with strategies and limitations of I R framework. The illustrations and explanation of Bartlett and Goshal (1998) are also fundamental to explain the relationships between I -R Framework and strategies. Although I did not use all the information I read for my assignments due to irrelevance, those are what I am going to bear in mind about the I R Framework in the time to come. For strategic alliances, the book by Dussauge and Garrette (1999) is very useful for the typology of strategic alliances and the advantages/disadvantages of each type of alliance. I made much reference to that book in my assignments due to the systematized typology of alliance and the in-depth analysis the book provides. Besides, the journal of Vapola et al. (2010) gives a systematic approach to analyze portfolio management of strategic alliances based on multinational companies strategy, which I find very useful and made citations in my work. Besides, I also study about other significant issues relating to multinational companies i.e. the structure of international business, control, knowledge transfer, modes of entry and the internationalization of SMEs. I did read a number of books and journals and managed to link relevant contents together. I have also made some inference to other fields of multinational companies like control and knowledge transfer, to have a more objective and broad view of the role of strategic alliances. However I think the links to control and knowledge transfer are not salient in this assignment, because of time and length constraint and especially the fear of deviating from the main topic. Conclusion Theories about I R Framework and its relation to the four strategies of multinational companies are very pragmatic and useful to understand the actual pressures faced by most multinational companies in the global marketplace. Those theories also provide a rationale of how multinational companies respond to global integration and local responsiveness, which helps me to perceive the business world in a more practical and systematic way. Theories about strategic alliances allow me to understand the most common ways that strategic alliances support the partners to achieve their strategic targets. There are 6 typical ways namely international expansion joint ventures, vertical partnerships, cross industry agreements, shared supply alliances, quasi concentration alliances and complementary alliances. I also understand the pros and cons of each type of alliances. I am now able to explain why a multinational company choose to cooperate with non-competitors or competitors, based on their strategy and nature of business. Implications for other concepts i.e. control and knowledge transfer are also inferred in the assignment, therefore a more objective view of MNC operation and its strategic alliances is provided. What has been drawn out from the assignment is that each multinational company, before deciding to cooperate in a strategic alliance, should consider all possible proposals, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of each proposal to judge if the type of alliance helps them achieve global integration and/or local responsiveness in the most effective way. From my perspective, I realize some kinds of strategic alliances are extremely common between developed and developing countries e.g. international expansion joint ventures or complementary alliances. Such knowledge may be useful when I come back to Vietnam and continue my job at an investment bank facilitating international trade and investments. It will be easier for me to fully understand the nature of transactions of MNC customers. I may work out the best solution to serve financial needs for MNC customers. For example, for some important MNC customers, I may propose to apply a more flexible cut-off time for their transactions, because their transactions are, by nature, often between nations in different time zones. Moreover, I may propose to apply a more competitive pricing for transactions between multinational companies and their alliances and/or subsidiaries. The reason is that when two partners contribute resources to a certain alliance project, the transactions for material purchasing, infrastructure costs, personnel mobilization tend to be frequent and of large amount, at least in the short term, which can deliver relatively high non-interest income for the bank. Besides, the business consultant services for institutional customers could be improved when the bank understand the needs of a MNC customer coming into a new developing market and seeking for a potential partner to set up a strategic alliance. The most important learning technique I studied is how to link together different fields of knowledge, in the case of th

Father-son Relationships and Conflicts in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman :: Death Salesman essays

Father-son Relationships and Conflicts in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman In many literary works, family relationships are the key to the plot. Through a family’s interaction with one another, the reader is able decipher the conflicts of the story. Within a literary family, various characters play different roles in each other’s lives. These are usually people that are emotionally and physically connected in one way or another. They can be brother and sister, mother and daughter, or in this case, father and son. In the Arthur Miller’s novel, Death of A Salesman, the interaction between Willy Loman and his sons, Happy and Biff, allows Miller to comment on father-son relationships and the conflicts that arise from them. Â  During most father-son relationships, there are certain times where the father wants to become more of a "player" in his son’s life than his son believes is necessary. The reasons for this are numerous and can be demonstrated in different ways. Miller is able to give an example of this behavior through the actions of Willy Loman. When Biff comes home to recollect himself, Willy perceives it as failure. Since Willy desperately wants his oldest son, Biff, to succeed in every way possible, he tries to take matters into his own hands. "I’ll get him a job selling. He could be big in no time" (16). The reason that Biff came home is to find out what he wants in life. Because Willy gets in the way, matters become more complicated. Partly due to Willy’s persistence in Biff’s life, they have conflicting ideas as to what the American dream is. Willy believes that working on the road by selling is the greatest job a man could have (81). Biff, however, feels the mo st inspiring job a man could have is working outdoors (22). When their two dreams collide, it becomes frustrating to Willy because he believes that his way is the right way. If a father becomes too involved in his son’s life, Miller believes friction will be the resultant factor. As unfortunate as it is, there are many instances where a father favors one son over another, which leads to social conflicts within the less-favored son. In most cases it is the oldest son that is being favored while the younger son is ignored. Usually the father doesn’t even realize what is happening. He simply gets too caught up in the successes of his eldest son and he may even try to live out his life through his son’s experiences.

Fundamentals of Nevada History

The year was 1864 and it was the beginning of May when an election would take place in June that would decide the second constitutional convention.This convention unlike the one in 1863; this one would establish the Nevada Enabling Act, but would have restrictions that the constitution written would have to follow under the following guidelines: (1) The new State Constitution must be republican in nature and not repugnant to the Federal Constitution or the Declaration of Independence; 2) there shall be no slavery or involuntary servitude other than for punishment of crimes, without the consent of the United States and the people of Nevada; (3) the Constitutional Convention must disclaim all rights to inappropriate lands in Nevada; (4) land owned by U.S. Citizens outside Nevada must not be discriminated against in taxation; and (5) there must be no taxation of federal property in the state. (Michael W. Bowers 2005). This was a time that Nevada was not statehood and Lincoln needed more electoral votes for the passage of his Thirteenth Amendment which would abolish slavery. Another reason was so that Lincoln could use Novena's vote to win the 1864 presidential election.The final reason was the dividing of the electoral votes were to even; Lincoln felt if it came down to this it would be left in the House of Representatives hands and he may lose, but by making Nevada a statehood he would be able to win over Nevada giving him another statehood vote and more of a republican power in the House. Civil Rights in Nevada History Although in 1864 the Thirteenth Amendment was passed there was still racism, aggregation, and discrimination in Nevada which has been called later as the â€Å"Mississippi of the West†.Although voting rights had been established; Nevada citizens that were white felt that they were an inferior race and that other races of color should not have the same privileges or their white Anglo-Saxon brothers and sisters. African Americans were not abl e to testify against any white individual in a court of law due to them being presumed â€Å"untrustworthy'. Another issue was that they were not able to work in the state of Nevada as whites had the privileges of doing so. During the building of the Hoover Dam blacks were not eligible for hire and were not able to gamble or stay at the Hotels on the strip if they worked there.Entertainers like Leona Horns and Sammy Davis Jar. Could not stay there after they performed there, and they would have to go to the Million Rouge if they wanted that type of entertainment which was where blacks had to go in order to have the same type of entertainment. Once the Civil Rights Act was passed in 1964 all of this had to come to an end and Nevada was then forced to follow suit. Mining and Gamin History of Nevada In 1863 there were also arguments about the mining and gaming industry taxation against agriculture.Cow herders and farmers felt that the taxation for the mining industry should be more se eing it was outside owners of these companies from San Francisco and other states that would come to Nevada and capitalize off of the land. They were being taxed the same but profit was much larger. Some would go on to even say that Nevada was the state that built San Francisco. The mining companies stands was that without their business all of the stores would be removed, farms old be dried up and streets would turn elsewhere.

Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill s Life Essay - 1651 Words

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